,The blisters of the heart got burnt due to the scars on the chest,
This house caught fire from the house lamp…’

urdu poet mahtab rai copper This famous couplet is about Pakistan and its Army Chief Asim Munir But fits well. Now you will think why so? So let us tell you that Asim Munir By amending the Constitution of Pakistan, all three Army Has taken the command and button of the atomic bomb in his hands. on 10th November Senate And on November 11, the lower house approved the bill. Asim Munir His speeches are full of religious words and references. Munir ideology of Pakistani Army It has penetrated so deeply that they have created their own imaginary enemies. This may or may not cause harm to any other country, but it will destroy Pakistan itself.

so come A.B.P. explainer I understand that Asim Munir What changes did Pakistan make in the Constitution, how powerful did Pakistan become? Army How else will the Chief sink with Pakistan…

Question 1- Pakistani Army In CDF What is the position of and how powerful is it?,
answer- Still Chief of Pakistan defense forces ,CDF) There was no post named. this particular Asim Munir For woven going. Along with this, the current chairman joint Chiefs Off Staff Committee (CJCSC, The post of will be abolished on 27 November 2025. CDF He will be the head of all three armies…

• CDF After becoming the Army Chief (COAS) entire military services army, navy And air force But you will get constitutional rights.
• With this, for the first time the post of Army Chief will be permanently recorded in the Constitution as the supreme military power.
• So far CJCSC Used to create mutual coordination between the three armies. while the real power Army Chief used to have, but now both things CDF Will be near.
• army to the chief CDF Will also be given the post of. On the advice of the President and Prime Minister CDF Forces Will appoint.
• NSC a new one named command Will be made. It is called nuclear weapons and missiles Of control Will be given. Prime Minister is responsible for this In place of CDF Will be near.

Question 2- Asim Munir To CDF what happened to make,
answer- Shahbaz The government is making changes in the constitution for this. The bill related to this will be passed in the upper house of the Parliament i.e. on November 10. Senate I passed. 64 votes were cast in its favor, while the opposition walkout Did it.

• Pakistani News website ARYA News According to, on November 11, the lower house i.e. National assembly This bill was introduced in, which was passed. But it will be presented again after making some amendments. It is expected to be passed again.
• This bill is being considered as the biggest and controversial proposal in the history of Pakistan. It is being said that this will change both the justice system and military structure of the country. The Constitution of Pakistan is of 1973, in which the 27th amendment is now going on.
• National is a very special part of the 27th constitutional amendment. strategic command ,NSC, Formation of. it command Pakistan’s nuclear weapons and missile system monitoring and control Will do.
• Pakistani Newspaper don In the report of expert It has been quoted that this will make the army in the country more powerful. The ongoing amendment to the Constitution will permanently enshrine the rights of the Army in the Constitution.
• Any future civilian government will not be able to easily reverse these changes. This means that in practice the role of ‘President’s Supreme Commander’ will remain only formal.

Question 3- Asim Munir For CDF How important is the post of,
answer- of India in May 2025 operation after vermilion Munir To field Marshall Got the honor of. This was the second such post of Pakistan. first in 1959 Ayub Khan had given himself. President Asif Ali Zardari and prime minister Shahbaz Sharif of Islamabad President This title was given in the House on 20 May 2025. But field marsh This title was constitutionally unsafe. Hence the issue of 27th amendment arose.

• pakistan newspaper don According to, this amendment Asim Munir to not only lifetime privilege gives them, rather COAS together with CDS Also assigns the post of. Law Minister Azam Nazir Tarar by Senate said in, ,this title lifelong Is of. like in other countries Marshall of the air Force or Admiral of the Fleet It happens., it Munir It is very important for them because on 28th November they retire Are going to happen. In such a situation, if I get this post, then They lifelong retire Will not happen.
• The don Of according toThe task of weakening the Supreme Court was carried out by former military ruler General Zia.ul-Haq and Parvez Musharraf Now the elected Parliament is going to do the work which powerful people could not do in their times. This amendment will prove that Parliament has the power to change everything. Also, if she wants, she can break the backbone of the judiciary.
• Asim Munir Lived on-ul-are considered the rightful heirs of the right, because they Pakistani Army I talk about jihad. They Pakistani Army To islamic Army Want to make.

Question 4- The reason for all this happening is only Munir Is there sympathy for or something else?,
answer- experts According to, this amendment is the result of military-political alliance. Shahbaz Sharif government it ,modernization, told, but Story India-Pakistan are in conflict in May 2025. operation Pakistan claimed victory after Sindoor, this Munir of position Got stronger. Although, internal reports Had called it a failure.

politically Imran Khan’s political party pakistan movement-e-Insaf (PTI) Army support was necessary to suppress it. Imran are in jail and PTI An attempt was made to declare it a criminal organization. The alliance gathered majority for the amendment. Bilawal Bhutto said, ,We Article Will support military change of 243, but freedom in our province Roll back No.,

America remained silent at the international level. Trump the administration Munir To support did, but in the US Congress republican Who Wilson And democrat jimmy Paneta by ,pakistan democracy act, introduced, which Munir Attempts to ban. still Sudi arab and West with asia Munir Of defense pact Made it easy.

Question 5- What? Munir Giving immense power to Pakistan will be a problem for Pakistan only.,
answer- foreign affairs expert and JNU retired from professor A. Of. Pasha According to, this amendment can prove fatal for Pakistan in the long run. Al Jazeera report said, ,This will give permanent dominance to the army, which will weaken democracy., Other than this…

• institutional imbalance, east of pakistan defense secretary Asif Yaseen Malik That said, it seems to be built for a single person, not to strengthen the defense structure. navy And Air Dissatisfaction may increase in the force, leading to internal rebellion or weak coordination.
• end of democracy, movement-A-Tahafuj n-e-Pakistan (TTAP, Declared nationwide protests on 9 November. Akhund On Jiya’s poster ,Long liv Democracy, down with Dictatorship, wrote. This will increase political instability and cause more damage to the already struggling economy.
• threat of nuclear risk, nuclear command to depend on one person miscalculation Will increase. This will lead to India or afghanistan Tension may deepen with. Munir of ambition Will promote personal decisions.
• Munir to destroy pakistan, History is witness to this Ayub Khan (1958), Zia-ul-Haq (1977) and Parvez Musharraf (1999) destabilized military power. Munir Greed for power can lead to economic crisis, corruption and rebellion. This civil-military This will make the imbalance permanent, which will hollow out Pakistan from within.

From your watch to Agni-6 missile… 95% of the essential rare earth minerals (REE) used in it are produced only by China. That means, if China stops giving REE, then neither the clock will run, nor the electric vehicle will run, nor will there be electricity, nor will American F-35 fighter jets be made. China has the highest number of REE in the world and India is at third place. Experts predict that by 2035, REEs will become so important that without them it will be impossible for any country to become a super power.

So let us understand in ABP Explainer what are Rare Earth Minerals, how China captured the minerals of the whole world and why no country can become a super power without them…

Question 1- What and how are rare earth minerals?
answer- Rare Earth Minerals (REE) are 17 special metals, which look like ordinary soil, but they are the lifeblood of today’s high-tech world. These are called ‘rare’ because they are found everywhere on earth, but it is very difficult and expensive to extract them in pure form. Only 1-2 grams of pure REE comes out from one ton of soil. By 2030, the world needs 140 million EVs, for which 4.9 lakh tonnes of REE will be required every year. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) report, these metals are the backbone of all technologies including green energy, defense and AI.

1. Holmium: This is the most powerful magnetic element in the world. It is used in laser devices, nuclear reactors and high-tech magnets.
2. Erbium: It gives off a pink glow, which is used in internet networks, medical lasers and colored glasses.
3. Thulium: It is the rarest mineral after lutetium, which is used in X-ray machines, laser surgery and mobile laser devices.
4. Europium: It produces bright red and blue light. It is used in LED screens, TV displays and currency notes.
5. Ytterbium: It evaporates very quickly. It is used in steel, quantum computing research and medical imaging.
6. Samarium: Magnets made from it do not lose their strength at high temperatures, due to which it is used in making headphones and nuclear weapons.
7. Gadolinium: It absorbs magnetic neutrons, due to which it is used for MRI machines, nuclear reactors and radar systems.
8. Terbium: Produces green light in TV-phones. LED screens, lighting, sensors and high temperature magnets are made from it.
9. Dysprosium: Produces white-yellow light and does not lose power in high temperatures. It is used in making nuclear reactors, hard disk drives and generators.
10. Lutetium: It is the heaviest and strongest among the 17 rare minerals. It is used in petroleum refineries, memory devices and killing cancer cells.
11. Scandium: It is the most special and very light among the 17 rare minerals. It is used in making rocket-helicopter frames, baseball bats and LEDs.
12. Yttrium: It is the most abundant rare mineral on Earth, from which radar systems, superconductors and camera lenses are made.
13. Cerium: Helps in oxidation in chemical reactions. It is used in glass polishing and electronics.
14. Lanthanum: Hydrogen is good at absorption, which makes superconductors and nuclear reactors.
15. Promethium: It radiates, hence is useful as a source of energy, which is used in nuclear research and thermoelectric generators.
16. Niobium: It has high superconductivity, due to which it is used in superconductors, aerospace and jet engines.
17. Tantalum: It does not rust and is not affected by acid. It is used in electronic, medical and aerospace.

Question 2- Which country has the highest number of REE in the world?
answer- China has all the 17 REEs in the world, but most of them are light REE (Nd, Pr, Ce) and heavy REE (Dy, Tb). The world’s largest mine is also in China, which was discovered in 1927. It has more than 57 million tonnes of REE reserves. According to USGS, China controls 70% of the world’s REE reserves and 95% of production. after this-

• Brazil has 21 million tons of REE.
• India is in third place, with 6.9 million tonnes of REE.
• Australia has 5.7 million tonnes of REE.
• Russia has 3.8 million tons of REE and Vietnam has 3.5 tons of REE.
• The US has 1.9 million tonnes of REE and Greenland has 1.5 million tonnes of REE.

Question 3- How did China capture 70% of the world’s REE reserves and 95% production?
answer- This is not a coincidence, but it was China’s 40 year old plan…

• 1980: China subsidized REE, relaxed environmental regulations and gave export tax rebates. China deliberately dropped REE prices by 70% so that countries including the US, Australia and India would stop REE mining. All the countries thought that when they can be imported at cheaper prices, then why spend more money doing mining.
• 1986-1992: Made Baotou ‘Rare Earth Capital’.
• 1990: Declared REE as a ‘strategic resource’ and banned foreign investment.
• 1999: America’s Mountain Pass Mine closed. The same situation happened in Australia and India also.
• 2010: Due to dispute with Japan, exports were stopped for 2 months, due to which REE prices increased by 500%.
• 2023: Tech export banned on NdPr, DyTb.
• 2024: Banned 7 heavy REE (Samarium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Lutetium, Scandium and Yttrium). It was made mandatory for companies exporting these elements to obtain a special export license, due to which the supply of REE was disrupted across the world.
• 2025: 5 and REE (Holmium, Erbium, Thulium, Europium and Yttrium) were banned. Due to this, 12 minerals came under the control of China. Before using them, it became necessary to obtain export license from China.

China forced the rest of the world out of the market by lowering prices and then made everyone bow down by banning essential minerals. Today, China produces 270,000 tons of REE in 2025.

Question 4- Why does a country need REE to become a super power?
answer- A country needs REE to become a superpower because in the next 25 years, all the power in the world will be powered by this. Apart from this, in 2035, super power will be identified with weapons. The country which makes the most dangerous weapon will be called a super power. All dangerous weapons cannot be made without REE. For example, 417 kg of neodymium is required to make F-35 fighter jet, if China stops it then America’s Air Force will be destroyed in 18 months. India’s Agni-6 missile requires 9 kg of samarium-cobalt magnets. If China does not give, the 8,000 km range missile will remain on paper. An American submarine requires 4,200 kg of REE, if China did not supply it, not a single new submarine would be built. That means the country which controls REE will be called a super power.

REE is used extensively in our everyday life also. Imagine that one morning you wake up, your watch will not ring due to lack of REE, because there is 0.3 gram neodymium magnet in that small vibration motor. Your electric scooter will not start, because its motor contains 3 kg REE magnet. Lights will not be on in your house and schools because the wind turbine will not run, which requires 4 tons of REE magnets. Internet will not work on your phone, because 6G tower requires Yttrium. Even AI will not be able to work without China, because one AI data center requires 20 tons of REE (cooling and magnetic storage).

Question 5- What will India have to do to become a superpower by 2047?
answer- For India to become a superpower by 2047, complete control over REE is necessary. Today we import 95% of REE from China, but we have the third largest reserve in the world. According to the USGS 2025 report, our production is only 2,900 tonnes every year, which is not even 1% of China’s 270,000 tonnes.

According to experts, if we want to become the world leader in EV, defense and green energy by 2047, then in the next 22 years we will have to create the entire supply chain like China ourselves.

• The short-term target for 2030 is to increase production 10 times.
• IREL’s Odisha plant will have to be doubled to increase NdPr production to 450 tonnes by 2026 and 900 tonnes by 2030.
• GSI will have to explore 1,200 blocks by 2030-31. 195 are already running.
• The capacity of REPM plant in Visakhapatnam will be 3,000 kg per annum.

Today is the 38th day of the government shutdown in America that started on October 1. This is the longest shutdown in American history. Earlier, during the first term of President Donald Trump, government work was at a standstill for 35 days. Due to the shutdown, food supply to 42 million Americans has been stopped and millions of employees have been sent on leave. From November 7, flights were reduced by 10% at 40 airports including New York, Los Angeles and Chicago. The situation in America is worsening day by day because Trump does not want to spend on health insurance.

So let us understand in ABP Explainer why there was a shutdown in America, how the issue of health insurance became the reason for the shutdown and what impact it will have on India…

Question 1- What is the shutdown in America and when has it happened?
answer- America’s fiscal year, i.e. the year of expenditure, starts from October 1. In a way, this is the economic year of the government, in which it plans to spend its money and make the budget. Congress has to pass 12 appropriation bills by September 30, which provide money to run the government for the entire year. During this time the government decides where to invest money, like in army, health or education.

If the new budget is not passed by this date, the President does not sign it. Due to this, government work (non-essential) stops. This is called shutdown. There is money in the American treasury, but there is no legal permission to spend it. This is the 22nd funding gap and 11th complete shutdown since 1977. According to Congressional Research Service America-

• December 2018- 35 days
• February 2018- 1 day
• January 2018- 3 days
• September 2013- 16 days
• December 1995- 21 days
• November 1995- 5 days

Question 2- Why was there the longest shutdown ever in America?
answer- There are 3 big reasons for the continued shutdown…

1. Congress could not pass funding bill: Congress had to pass 12 appropriation bills by September 30, which would have provided money for FY2026 (October 1, 2025 to September 30, 2026). But no bill was passed. The House passed a ‘clean’ continuing resolution (CR) that would have extended funding until November 21, but it failed in the Senate because Democrats blocked it.
2. Obama takes a stand on health care subsidies: Both the major parties of America, Democrats and Republicans, are at loggerheads over the Obama Health Care Subsidy Program. Democrats want to increase health care (health insurance) subsidies, which expire on December 31, 2025. It started in 2021 under Covid Relief and was extended till 2025 in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. Without it, health insurance premiums for 24 million Americans would increase by an average of 114%. This average is $888 annually in 2025, which will increase to $1904 annually in 2026. Democrats say they will pass a CR only if the subsidies are extended for 2 years and the Medicaid cuts made in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act of July 2025 are reversed. He blocked Republican CR 14 times in the Senate.
3. Republicans’ stand: They say pass clean CR, health care will be discussed later. Trump said, ‘Democrats are holding Americans hostage, end the filibuster.’ Republicans have 53 seats in the Senate, but need 60 votes, so Democrats are needed.

Apart from this, the shutdown has been described as an ‘unprecedented opportunity’ to cut agencies. Attempts have been made to fire thousands of federal workers. In the mayoral elections held on November 5, 2025, Republicans lost in New Jersey and Virginia, which Trump blamed on the shutdown. In polls, 78% of Americans (including 59% of Republicans) want subsidy extension.

Question 3- What is the impact of the shutdown in America?
answer- According to the October 29 report of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), a loss of $ 11 billion (about Rs 1 lakh crore) has been incurred so far. If the shutdown does not end soon, real GDP growth will decline by 1-2% points in the fourth quarter of the financial year 2025-26. Most will be recovered, but the permanent loss will range from $7 billion to $14 billion.

• Impact on Food Stamps (SNAP): This is a government assistance program that helps low-income families and individuals in the United States purchase nutritious food. So that the lower middle class families get good food and do not face starvation. People who are eligible for these stamps receive an electronic card that they use to purchase food at grocery stores. Due to the shutdown, about 4.2 crore population will be deprived of food stamps. In November, people received only 65% ​​of the benefits, because USDA had only $6 billion, whereas $8 billion was needed.
• Impact on flights and air travel: From 7th November i.e. today, 10% flight reduction started at 40 major airports because air traffic controllers got tired of working without salary. After the shutdown, there has been a 4% cut, then 6%, 8% and now 10%. United Airlines has canceled many flights.
• Bad effect on employees: About 7.5 lakh government employees are on leave without salary. Essential employees like army, police, border security and air traffic controllers have to work without salary. According to CBO, the employees sent on forced leave are losing about $400 million (Rs 3,300 crore) in salary per day. CBO Director Philip Swagel said the shutdown is delaying government spending and has a negative impact on the economy.
• Impact on Atomic Weapons Agency: The National Nuclear Security Agency has sent 1,400 employees on leave. Energy Secretary Chris Wright said two weeks ago that this had never happened before and could affect the security of nuclear weapons.

Question 4- Then when can the shutdown in America end?
answer- Currently, there is a condition of filibuster in the US Parliament, through which MPs can deliberately prolong the debate on a bill, so that voting on it gets delayed or cannot be done at all. In the US Senate, there is a process called ‘Clotter’ to end the debate and voting on any proposal. For this, support of at least 60 out of 100 senators is required. For this reason Trump’s funding bill is stuck. The opposition uses this rule only to stop the law from being passed, no matter how important the issue is. The purpose of the filibuster is to ensure that the minority party also gets the right to express its views in law making. No party should exercise dictatorship merely on the basis of its numbers.

Foreign affairs expert and retired JNU professor A. Of. Pasha says, ‘The shutdown in America can last a very long time because the Republicans and Democrats are face to face. The internal condition of America has become very bad. Due to Trump’s policies, participation in wars and fanaticism, America’s treasury is on the verge of becoming empty. The shutdown is just a curtain behind which Trump is hiding his shortcomings and losses. They are not able to tell the American people that this America is no longer a superpower like before. They are entangling people in enmity with China and Russia and the poor and middle class people there are facing problems.

Question 5- Is India also being affected by the American shutdown?
answer- A. Of. Pasha says, ‘Trump has put pressure on India to import food products, which he is continuously increasing. Trump wants American dairy products, grains, crops and meat to be sold in India. The Indian government should buy from America instead of its own farmers, so that America starts earning. As America is losing money due to the shutdown, India is also being affected. Trump is upset that people inside the country are not following his rules and other countries have also started ignoring him.

New York, the city that never sleeps in the world. Where dreams are sold and struggles are won. On November 4, when long queues formed at Matzaan centres, the city was electing its 111th mayor. As soon as the results came, one name echoed – Zohran Kwame Mamdani. This 34-year-old young MLA not only defeated former Governor Andrew Cuomo, but also left behind Trump’s Republican Party’s Curtis Sliwa. Zoharan became the first Muslim mayor of the world’s largest and richest city. Zoharan is multi-religious, that is, father Mahmood Mamdani is Muslim, mother Mira Nair is Hindu and wife Kayla Santosuosso is American Christian. Therefore, by winning the mayor election, Zoharan has taught India a big lesson.

So let us understand in ABP Explainer how a Muslim became the mayor of a Christian-Jewish city, how big a thing it is to become the mayor of New York and what India can learn from Zoharan’s victory…

Question 1- How big is Zohran Mamdani’s victory in New York City and how was it achieved?
answer- New York is not just a city, but it is the economic engine of America. New York’s GDP in 2024 was more than 2.32 trillion. If we consider it as a country, it would be the 13th largest economy in the world. The city is a hub of finance, healthcare, tech, biotechnology, real estate and insurance.

There is Wall Street in New York, where global trade takes place. The policies here affect the national markets. One decision of the Mayor can change the business practice of the entire country. The headquarters of the United Nations (UN) is in New York, which talks about world peace. The population of this city is about 88 lakhs, of which 37% are immigrants. Mamdani’s victory is historic for progressives, as he is the first South Asian, first Muslim and the youngest mayor (34 years) since 1892.

Zohran Mamdani got victory due to these 4 big reasons…

1. Inflation issue: Mamdani focused on only one thing in the entire campaign that New York has become very expensive. He said that the job of the government is to make people’s lives easier. Slogans written on the banners put up in his rallies were to build a city that we can afford and build affordable houses.
2. Direct connection with the public: Most of the time in politics things are said in a twisted manner, but Mamdani spoke very clearly. He openly said that tax the rich, increase child care and make housing a right. Mamdani said in the campaign, ‘This city belongs to the workers, not to the 1% rich.’
3. Correct use of internet: Mamdani did not get the support of big leaders of the party, but he took the help of the public and the internet. They held scavenger hunts, football tournaments, and late-night pop-up events at LGBTQ bars. According to the New York Times, he broke all the old rules and built relationships directly with people.
4. Focus on youth workers: Mamdani increased the number of volunteers. The youth included in his campaign team are even younger than him. Most had little experience of working on such a large scale. But they proved to be more capable and effective than ordinary advisors and strategists.

Question 2- Zoharan’s multi-religious image, then how did he become the mayor of a Christian-Jewish city?
answer- Zoharan was born on 18 October 1991 in Kampala, Uganda. His father Mahmood Mamdani is a renowned academic, born in a Gujarati Muslim family in Mumbai. Mother Meera Nair was born in a Hindu Brahmin family in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. He is a famous film director, who has made films like ‘Salaam Bombay’, ‘Monsoon Wedding’ and ‘Kama Sutra’. Whereas Zoharan’s wife is a Christian. Zoharan had a civil marriage in 2024 without religious rituals. Zoharan had said in an interview, ‘My family keeps religion private, but allows culture to breathe.’

Zoharan is a Shia Muslim, but he has become the mayor of a Christian-dominated city. According to the Pew Research Center report, New York has a 57% Christian population, of which 32% are Catholic Christians and 25% are Protestant Christians. Jews are 11%, Muslims are 9% and atheists are 25%. Still, 59% Christian voters supported Mamdani’s victory, because here voting is not on religion but on issues. Mamdani’s victory is a slap to those who weaponize religion. Cuomo made ‘Islamophobic attacks’ on Mamdani, but voters rejected. This shows that unity in diversity is possible. A Muslim mayor, who will work for everyone. Mamdani said in the victory speech, ‘I am a Muslim, but I am a mayor for the people.’

According to CBS News, Mamdani received 50.4% of the votes until 91% of the votes were counted. After him, independent candidate Cuomo got 41.6% votes, while Republican candidate Curtis Sliwa got 7% ​​votes. Mamdano received more than 1 million votes, which no New York mayoral candidate had received since 1969. More than 20 lakh people voted in this election, which is double as compared to the previous election. This clearly shows that being a Muslim candidate does not matter, but the issues matter.

Question 3- How did Mamdani win despite the threats of US President Donald Trump?
answer- Trump tried hard to defeat Mamdani. Trump also threatened that if Mamdani won the election, New York’s federal funding would be cut. But Mamdani replied that these were threats, not laws. That is, despite the threat of the world’s most powerful President, the people of New York chose Mamdani, because New York is the bastion of democracy. Mamdani was born in Uganda and New York is populated by immigrants. Mamdani also benefited from this.

After Mamdani’s victory on November 5, Trump wrote on the social media platform Truth – ‘And now it has started.’

Question 4- What lesson does India learn from Zohran Mamdani’s victory?
answer- Dr. Rajan Kumar, foreign affairs expert and JNU professor, says, ‘The politics of India and America are completely different. There are more immigrants in New York, that is, people from different countries have come and settled. They focus on grassroots issues instead of religious politics. They want a leader who fulfills their daily needs and not one who divides on religion. Zoharan promised to solve grassroots issues, due to which he became mayor.

Dr. Rajan Kumar further says, ‘India should learn the politics of development from the New York elections. The youth of India wants development, wants jobs, wants low inflation and cheap things and is troubled by the corporate culture. If politicians contest elections on these issues then development like New York can happen here too. Today’s youth does not see temples and mosques, they see facilities. But the real thing is that the reins of the country are in the hands of old politicians and they want to do politics of religion. The real thing or the bitter truth is that Mamdani’s victory will have no impact in India, because no one here wants to learn from Mamdani’s victory.

On November 2, US President Donald Trump, while giving an interview to CBS News, said that Pakistan is conducting nuclear tests. Now America needs to conduct nuclear tests again. Trump claimed that America has so many nuclear weapons that the world can be destroyed 150 times, but due to the activities of Russia and China, testing is necessary. It is noteworthy that America conducted its last nuclear test on 23 September 1992. Now due to Trump’s statement the nuclear bomb has come into discussion again.

So let us understand in ABP Explainer what is the meaning of Trump’s statement, why are all the countries increasing their nuclear stockpile and how this bomb can destroy the whole world 0 times…

Question 1- What statement did Donald Trump give regarding nuclear bombs and what is its meaning?
answer- On November 2, Donald Trump appeared on American news channel CBS’s ’60 Minutes’ program. Trump was asked that except North Korea, no one is doing nuclear test, so why are you doing it? On this, Trump said that Russia, Pakistan and China are also doing secret tests, but the world does not know. We have to talk about this because otherwise you guys will report. They don’t have journalists who can write about this. We will test, because they test, others also test and of course North Korea is testing. In fact Trump has already ordered the Ministry of Defense (Pentagon) to start testing nuclear weapons immediately.

On the question of when and where to conduct nuclear tests again after three decades, Trump simply said, ‘We have testing sites, it will be announced soon.’ When Trump was asked whether he thought this could lead the world into a more dangerous nuclear environment, Trump said, ‘I think we have kept it under control to a great extent.’

Question 2- When was the world’s first atomic bomb made and how many countries have this weapon?
answer- The making of the world’s first atomic bomb began in December 1938, when scientists Otto Hahn and Fritz Straussmann in a German lab bombarded uranium-235 atoms with intense neutrons. Due to this, the uranium atom suddenly broke into two parts and a huge amount of energy was released. This experiment was called nuclear fission. Jewish scientist Lisa Meitner said that if it causes a chain reaction, tremendous energy will be released. American scientists felt that a major weapon had come into the hands of Nazi Germany.

After this, in June 1942, America started preparing to make the atom bomb secretly on the 18th floor of a building in Manhattan. The ‘Manhattan Project’ started under the leadership of American Brigadier General Leslie Groves and scientist Julius Robert Oppenheimer. 100 tons of uranium were collected in 2 months and Oppenheimer built a laboratory in the ravines of Los Alamos, New Mexico to work on the design.

Two years later, in July 1945, two bombs of uranium and plutonium were ready. On July 16, 1945, America successfully tested the first bomb in Trinity. On 6 August 1945, the uranium bomb ‘Little Boy’ was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan and on 9 August 1945, the plutonium bomb ‘Fatman’ was dropped on Nagasaki. About 1.5 lakh people were killed instantly in both the blasts. After this many countries started making nuclear bombs.

• On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union made the atomic bomb ‘First Thunder’. The successful test took place at 7 am in the desert area near the Aral Sea in Kazakhstan (then part of the Soviet Union).
• On October 3, 1952, the United Kingdom created an atomic bomb named ‘Hurricane’. Successfully tested near Montebello Islands.
• On 13 February 1960, France successfully tested the nuclear bomb ‘Jerbois Blue’ in the Sahara Desert in Algeria (then a French colony).
• On October 16, 1964, the first atomic bomb was successfully tested in the Gobi Desert of Xinjiang province in China. This ‘Su596’ was a utanium-implosion fission bomb.
• On 18 May 1974, India conducted a successful nuclear test in Pokhran, Rajasthan. In this nuclear project named ‘Smiling Buddha’, P-1 i.e. Plutonium-Implosion Fission Device nuclear bomb was tested.
• On 28 May 1998, in response to India’s nuclear test, Pakistan also tested its first nuclear bomb ‘Chagai-1’. This happened in the Chagai hills of Balochistan province.
• On October 9, 2006, North Korea also made a nuclear bomb. This bomb was tested at the Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site in north-eastern Korea.

Question 3- When did which countries stop nuclear tests and why?
answer- The nuclear testing spree led to more than 2,000 explosions, most of which occurred between 1950–1990. But global protests increased due to radioactive fallout. In 1954, America’s Castle Bravo test sickened Japanese fishermen, causing an uproar in the world. After this, on April 2, 1954, the then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru for the first time demanded a ‘Standstill Agreement’ i.e. a ban on tests.

The first major step in banning nuclear tests was the ‘Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), which was signed by the US, Soviet Union and Britain in Moscow on 5 August 1963. It came into force on 10 October 1963 and prohibited atmospheric, space and underwater tests. China did not sign PTBT. The most important measure to ban nuclear tests was the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 September 1996. Then it was signed by 76 countries. It completely banned all types of nuclear tests.

• Soviet Union: No confirmed explosive test has been conducted since 1990.
• America: No nuclear test has been conducted since 1992. The last atmospheric test was done in 1962.
• United Kingdom: The last nuclear test was conducted in 1991. There was no test after this.
• France: The last test was conducted underground in French Polynesia in 1996.
• China: By 1996, China limited the tests and stopped them altogether by July 29.
• India: The last successful nuclear test was conducted in Pokhran in 1998, which was named ‘Shakti-1’.
• Pakistan: The last nuclear test was conducted with ‘Chagai-2’ in 1998.
• North Korea: The last nuclear test was conducted in 2017. North Korea is the only country that conducted tests in the 21st century.

To avoid the threat of nuclear bombs, nuclear disarmament was started, which means completely eliminating nuclear weapons, so that the world becomes weapon-free. This is the origin of the NPT, which came into force on 5 March 1970. 191 countries signed. Under this, it was said that there should be a ban on making new weapons, destruction of existing ones and peaceful use.

Question 4- So now which countries have how many nuclear bombs and how many times can they destroy the world?
answer- According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), a total of 9 countries in the world have nuclear weapons.

1. Russia has the maximum number of 5,459 nuclear bombs.
2. America has 5,177 nuclear bombs.
3. China has 600 nuclear weapons.
4. France has 290 nuclear bombs.
5. Britain has 225 nuclear bombs.
6. India has a stockpile of 180 nuclear bombs.
7. Pakistan has 170 nuclear bombs.
8. Israel has 90 nuclear bombs.
9. North Korea has 50 nuclear bombs.

Apart from this, there have been reports of Israel also having a nuclear bomb, but it has not been confirmed. It is said that Israel is secretly making nuclear bombs.

According to SIPRI report, a nuclear bomb can destroy a city within minutes. There are 12,241 nuclear warheads worldwide, whose total explosive capacity is more than 2,500 megatons. The Hiroshima bomb was 0.015 megatons, so this is equivalent to 1.66 lakh Hiroshima bombs. But the danger is not just explosion, but ‘nuclear winter’. If 100 Hiroshima-like bombs are dropped in a regional war like India-Pakistan, then 50 lakh tonnes of smoke will go into the stratosphere, which will block sunlight. Crops will be destroyed for two decades and people will die of starvation.

According to SIPRI report, about 3 thousand nuclear warheads can destroy the Earth 50-100 times. If this is estimated, then the world can be destroyed more than 300 times with a total of 12,241 nuclear warheads. Russia has the world’s most powerful nuclear bomb, which is named ‘Tsar Bomb’. It is of 50 megatons. But this danger is so great that scientists say, ‘Even a limited war can end civilization.’

Question 5- Are any countries still trying to make nuclear bombs?
answer- Apart from 9 countries, there are many ‘threshold states’ which can make weapons. Iran is at the top among these. According to the report of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) dated May 31, 2025, Iran has 408 kg of 60% uranium, which can make many bombs. Iran’s Kavir plan is working on long-range missiles, which is based on North Korean design. However, Israeli and American attacks have damaged Iran’s nuclear program to a great extent.

Apart from this, Saudi Arabia has said that if Iran makes a nuclear bomb, we will also make it. Public support has increased in South Korea and Japan, but is being held back due to American guarantees. Turkey and Germany are also ‘hedgers’, they have the capacity but not the political will. According to SIPRI, Iran-Israel tension may increase the regional competition to make nuclear bombs.

Question 6- So what is the meaning of Trump’s statement? Is the nuclear race about to start?
answer- Retired Lieutenant General of the Indian Army and defense expert Sanjay Kulkarni says, ‘The Russia-Ukraine war and America-China tension have created a situation like a second cold war. Russia had suspended the New START treaty in 2023, which set limits on the weapons of both countries. China is producing 100 new warheads every year. Pakistan is also conducting nuclear tests. The recent earthquakes that occurred in Afghanistan do not seem to be of any natural disaster but of nuclear testing.

Sanjay Kulkarni says that Trump has understood very well that a power like nuclear bomb should not increase in the hands of a country that promotes terrorism. They are openly warning that if the rest of the world does not give up on nuclear bombs, America will also start nuclear testing. Looking at the current situation, it seems that many countries are secretly working on making nuclear bombs. In such a situation, if nuclear war occurs, it will be difficult to control it.

Late night of 26th October i.e. Sunday, a flight from America landed at Delhi Airport. But there were no common passengers in this, rather they were 35 Indians, who had entered America without passport and visa. America deported all 54 Indians back to India. Actually, all these people had entered America through the donkey route. The name Donkey Route may sound funny, but on its way one finds not only forests and deserts but also dead bodies and human skulls.

So let us understand in ABP Explainer what is the deadly Donkey Route, how Indians enter America without passport and visa and why Indians are forced to do so…

Question 1- What is the matter of sending 35 Indians back to India from America?
answer- Karnal DSP Sandeep Kumar told ANI that 35 Indians tried to enter the US illegally, who were deported back to India by the US. Of these, there are 54 people including 16 from Karnal, 14 from Kaithal and 5 from Kurukshetra. After the completion of the deportation process, all the people were reunited with their families.

Sandeep Kumar told that this group had used the donkey route, which is used for human trafficking from India to America. This is an illegal and dangerous path. People from many villages and towns enter America using the Donkey Route, but nothing results.

Question 2- What is this donkey route?
answer- The word ‘Dinky Route’ is derived from the Punjabi word ‘Dunki’ i.e. DUNKI, which means to go from one place to another. When people want to go to America to earn money but due to lack of passport and visa, they adopt the donkey route. People reach America illegally after traveling through dense forests, icy rivers and scorching deserts for months. Every year thousands of Indians spend lakhs of rupees and adopt this illegal method to go to America. In popular term it is called ‘Dinky Root’.

The distance from India to America is about 13,500 kilometers. It takes 17 to 20 hours to reach America by air. However, through the ‘Dinky Route’ the distance reaches 15,000 kilometers and this journey takes months. Those traveling on this journey are generally called ‘dinky’.

Question 3- How many routes are there to reach America via Donkey Route and how difficult are they?
answer- There are 2 ways to reach America through the Donkey Route…

First way: Reaching America from Canada in deadly cold of -40 degrees

• First of all, Dinky has to apply for tourist visa for Canada, so that he can easily reach Canada from India. On reaching Toronto, Canada, Donkey has to stay in a hotel for several days waiting for the agent’s call.
• The agent takes Donkey to Manitoba Province, 2,100 kilometers away from Toronto. The cold in Manitoba is so severe that tears from the eyes freeze on the eyelids.
• The donkey is transported to Emerson village, 1,834 km away from Manitoba. This village is on the Canada and America border. From here, Donkey reaches America on foot in the deadly cold of -40 degrees. On this route, there is knee-deep snow and no human being is visible far and wide. Donkey reaches the 49th parallel border.

On January 18, 2022, a family from Gujarat tried to reach America via the Donkey Route via Canada. This included 39-year-old Jagdish Patel, his 37-year-old wife Vaishali, 11-year-old daughter Vihangi and 3-year-old son Dharmik, but the entire family died of cold before reaching America. Police found the bodies of all four people just 12 meters away from the American border.

Second way: crossing dense forests and deserts to reach America

The most common route in India, the Donkey Route, reaches America via South America, but on this route one has to cross dense forests, mountains, rivers and deserts. It has three stages…

First stop: reaching Latin American country from India

• This includes countries like Ecuador, Bolivia and Guyana. Indians get visa on arrival in these countries. This means that there is no need to obtain a visa in advance to visit these countries.
  Tourist visas are easily given to Indians in some other countries including Brazil and Venezuela. From here Donkey reaches Colombia.
• Donkey Route depends on how many connections the agent through whom you are going has in the respective countries. Although it is not difficult to reach Latin American countries, it still takes 10 months to reach here.
• Many people go to Latin American countries via Dubai. In this they have to live in containers for months.

Second stop: reaching the US border from Latin American countries

• After reaching Colombia, Dinky enters Panama. There is a dangerous forest ‘Darien Gap’ between these two countries, crossing which is extremely risky. There is always a fear of poisonous insects and snakes in the rivers and streams. In this forest, looting is done by donkey. Be it men or women, the criminals here even rape them.
• Many times, if the donkey sleeps for a while, the snake bites him. Finding dead bodies of donkeys in this forest is not a new thing. There is no government here. If luck favors you and everything goes well, then the donkey crosses the jungle of Panama by walking 105 km in 10 to 15 days.
• If a donkey does not want to go through the Panama jungle, he has to cross a 150 kilometer long river from Colombia. From here Donkey takes a boat to Nicaragua, a country in Central America. After traveling by boat, we transfer to another boat, which goes to Mexico. Not only does the border police patrol this river, dangerous animals in the river are also ready to kill.
• After this Donkey reaches Guatemala. Guatemala is a big coordination center for human trafficking. Moving towards the American border, Donkey is handed over to another agent.

Third stop: Crossing the border from Mexico and entering the US directly.

• Now Donkey has to go from Mexico to the US border. There are different types of problems on the way. Along with winter, there is also desert in between. After this, Donkey reaches the US-Mexico border, where a 3,140 km long wall is built.
• Donkeys jump over this and enter America. Those who cannot cross the wall choose the dangerous route of crossing the Rio Grande River. According to CNN report, from 2014 to 2023, 650 immigrants died while crossing the Mexican border.

Before going to America, Dinky’s passport and identity documents are taken away. If he is identified, he will be deported back to India.

Question 4- How much does it cost to go to America via Donkey Route?
answer- The average cost of a donkey reaching America from India is Rs 20 to 50 lakh. Sometimes this expenditure reaches up to Rs 70 lakh. Its payment is done in three installments…

1. On leaving India
2. Upon reaching Colombia border
3. Upon reaching the American border

If the money is not paid, gangs of agents get rid of Dinky by killing him in Mexico or Panama.

Question 5- Why do Indians go to America despite so many troubles?
answer- Indian people intend to go out of India for better opportunities, but many people are not able to go legally due to lack of education or any other reason. Foreign affairs expert and JNU professor Rajan Kumar says that Indian people are given the false dream of becoming rich that they will be successful by going to America…

• After entering America, Dinky deliberately hands himself over to the police there. After this he is put in jail, which is called ‘Immigration Camp’.
• A lawyer is hired to get Dinky out of jail. Its expenses are borne by the agent or a relative of the donkey. The lawyer convinces the court with his arguments that Dinky should be allowed to live in America. After this Dinky is released from jail.
• Donkey does not become a burden on America, so he is allowed to earn and eat, which keeps increasing. After 8-10 years, he gets a green card, which means that Donkey can now live permanently in the US and has the right to work. After 10-15 years, he also gets American citizenship.
• Just as in India, a scheme is launched every 5 to 7 years to legalize illegal colonies. Similarly, in America, a scheme is launched to give citizenship to illegal people. After paying some fees, Donkey becomes an American citizen.

Pro. According to Rajan Kumar, Indian people risk their lives to reach America through the Donkey Route, but after waiting for years in the detention center, they get heard in the court. Even if he wins the case, he has to do work like washing utensils and sweeping floors for 105 days, so that he can earn his living. It is not so easy to become rich by going to America. Even after 8-10 years, the chances of getting a green card are not high. In such cases, the criminals are sent back to India or have to spend their entire life in jail.

According to the September 2022 report of the Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), Haryana has the highest unemployment rate in India at 37.3%. This is 4 times more than the average unemployment rate of the country. Villages like Dharath, Morkhi and Kalwa of Haryana have become dinky hubs. People are making arrangements to go to America for employment by selling their farms, houses and gold.

US President Donald Trump said in the Blueroom of the White House on October 8, ‘We have solved 7 wars and are close to solving the 8th. I don’t think anyone in history has solved so many cases, but the Nobel Committee will definitely find some way to not give me the Nobel.

This statement of Trump ultimately turned out to be true. The Nobel Peace Prize for 2025 went to Venezuelan opposition leader Maria Corina Machado instead of Trump. Trump had been claiming for the Nobel Prize for the past several months, but his efforts were unsuccessful.

So let us understand in ABP Explainer why the Nobel Committee did not choose Trump, will Trump’s desperation for the Peace Prize end and what will Trump do next…

Question 1- Why did US President Donald Trump not receive the Nobel Peace Prize?
answer- Foreign affairs expert and JNU professor Dr. Rajan Kumar gives four big reasons for this…

1. Lack of timing and durability of peace efforts
The Nobel Committee focuses on long-term, sustainable peace, not short-term deals. Trump’s efforts like Gaza ceasefire and Ukraine summit took place in September 2025. Whereas the last date for nomination for Nobel was 31 January. Trump’s efforts came too late. The committee decides in advance who will get the Nobel.

2. Distance from multilateral institutions and international cooperation
The Nobel Will focuses on ‘Fraternity between Nations’, which promotes the United Nations and multilateral diplomacy. Trump’s policy cut WHO funding, pulled out of the Paris Climate Agreement and put pressure on NATO. This action of Trump hurts the peace building.

3. Ignoring climate change
The Nobel Committee considers climate as a ‘long-term peace threat’. Trump called climate change a ‘hoax’ and pulled out of the Paris deal. He does not believe in climate change, which is disqualifying for the Nobel. The Trump administration reduced climate funding by 40%, whereas previous Nobel-winning US presidents had focused on climate.

4. Independence of Nobel Committee and Trump’s overall lack of fit
The Nobel Committee stays away from political pressure. Trump’s lobbying i.e. nominations from Netanyahu and Pakistan government had a negative impact. Apart from this, Trump had openly called the Finance Minister of Norway and asked for the Nobel.

Question 2- Apart from Trump, who were the contenders for the Nobel Peace Prize?
answer- Apart from Trump, there were 8 big contenders for the Nobel Peace Prize…

1. Elon Musk: Continuous support for the defense of freedom of expression and peace.
2. Imran Khan: Efforts to strengthen human rights and democracy in Pakistan.
3. Greta Thunberg: Spreading global awareness against climate change and environmental peace.
4. Yulia Navalnaya: Protecting human rights in Russia and carrying forward Alexei Navalny’s legacy.
5. Sudan Emergency Response Rooms: Provided humanitarian aid to civilians during war and famine in Sudan.
6. Committee to Protect Journalists: Ensured the safety of journalists and freedom of the press.
7. Anwar Ibrahim: Mediating the Thailand-Cambodia Ceasefire and Regional Peace.
8. Pope Francis: Worked for peace, environment and the poor.

Apart from these, Maria Machado was also among the nominations, who has won the Nobel Peace Prize 2025.

Question 3- Which countries nominated Trump for the Nobel Peace Prize?
answer- Pakistan, America, Israel, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Cambodia, Rwanda, Gabon and Malta nominated Trump for the Nobel Prize. Many reports claimed that Argentina had also made recommendations for Trump.

According to the rules of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, the last date for nominations for the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize was 31 January 2025. Every year the nomination process starts from 1st February and only the names received till that day are valid. Trump took oath as President on January 20 and the nomination process stopped just 11 days later. In such a situation, Trump’s claim was weak.

Question 4- Why was Trump so desperate to get the Nobel Peace Prize?
answer- Trump’s desperation for the Nobel Peace Prize was visible from his first term…

• In July 2019, in a press conference at the White House, Trump had said, ‘Barack Obama got the Nobel just for giving a speech. Actually I should meet.
• In September 2020, a peace agreement was signed between Israel and Arab countries. Regarding America’s role, Trump said, ‘The Nobel Committee should nominate me.’

Even in his second term, Trump expressed his claim for the Nobel Peace Prize several times…

• In June 2025, Trump said that I should have got Nobel 4-5 times.
• Said in October 2025, ‘If I do not get the Nobel, it will be an insult to America.’

According to Dr. Rajan Kumar, Trump’s desperation is due to two big reasons…

1. To be included in the list of American Presidents who won Nobel Prize.
Before Trump, 4 American Presidents have received the Nobel Peace Prize. These include Barack Obama, Jimmy Carter, Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt, but Obama’s Nobel Prize bothers Trump the most. He has repeatedly said that Obama ‘didn’t deserve’ and ‘Obama didn’t do much’. Trump wants to defeat Obama at any cost, for which the Nobel Peace Prize is very important.

2. Peacemaker hunger to become a global leader
Trump is famous for aggressive policies. But he wants to create his image as a global peacemaker leader. America has been accused of instigating many wars like the Iran-Israel war. Trump wants that during his presidency, America’s image should become that of a country that mediates for peace. Nobel will fulfill this dream of Trump. Apart from this, Trump is hungry for strengthening his self-image and praise.

Question 5- What did Trump do to get the Nobel Peace Prize?
answer- According to an article in the Norwegian newspaper Dagens Næringliv on August 14, in July 2025, Trump had called Norway’s Finance Minister Jens Stoltenberg and asked for the Nobel Prize. Trump has stopped 8 major wars in 2025…

1. India-Pakistan conflict: On May 7, India avenged the Pahalgam attack by carrying out ‘Operation Sindoor’ in Pakistan and destroyed many terrorist hideouts. After 4 days of conflict, on May 10, Trump announced a ceasefire on Truth and said, ‘I stopped the war between two nuclear power countries.’

2. Israel-Iran War: On June 13, Israel launched an airstrike on Iran, in which Iran’s nuclear laboratories were destroyed and many top leaders were killed. On June 24, Trump called for ceasefire and said, ‘I stopped the 12-day war between Israel and Iran.’

3.Kosovo-Serbia dispute: There was ethnic and historical tension between the two countries since 1998, which was ended by Trump on June 27. He said, ‘I stopped Kosovo and Serbia from the brink of a major war.’

4. Rwanda-Congo conflict: On June 27, Trump stopped the ongoing genocide in the Congolese rebel conflict. He said, ‘I got Rwanda and Congo to sign the ‘Great Treaty’ and the rebellion stopped.’

5. Thailand-Cambodia Conflict: On July 24, conflict began between the two countries over Preah Vihear Temple and the surrounding disputed areas. Trump declared ceasefire after just 4 days. He said, ‘I stopped the decades-old border war between Thailand and Cambodia through mediation.’

6. Egypt-Ethiopia dispute: There was a conflict between the two countries over the Nile Dam water dispute, which was ended by Trump in July 2025. Trump said, ‘It was an endless water war, but it was resolved.’

7. Armenia-Azerbaijan dispute: There was an ongoing dispute between the two countries regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh area since 1988. On August 8, Trump called the Presidents of both the countries to the White House and brokered an agreement. Trump said, ‘I called Armenia and Azerbaijan to the White House and got them to sign a 17-point peace treaty.’

8. Israel-Hamas War: On October 9, a ceasefire was imposed on the war between Israel and Hamas that has been going on since 2023. Trump released a new Gaza plan, the first phase of which was agreed to by both Israel and Hamas. Trump wrote on Truth, ‘This is the first step towards a strong and lasting peace’.

Question 6- Will Trump’s struggle for the Nobel Peace Prize end?
answer- According to Dr. Rajan Kumar, Trump’s struggle to get the Nobel Peace Prize will not end. He has to surpass Barack Obama at any cost, so he will keep trying. However, Trump may receive the Nobel Peace Prize next year i.e. 2026. Whatever wars Trump stopped and all the hard work he did for the Nobel may bear fruits next year, because Trump has enough time for nominations.

According to experts, Trump will definitely win the Nobel. All the wars that are still going on or have not ended completely, will end them. They will work on a new strategy and prepare for next year’s prize. Trump will avoid taking any wrong decision in panic, because it will affect the next Nobel.

Question 7- What is Nobel Prize and how is it received?
answer- The Nobel Prize was established on 27 November 1895 on the basis of the will of Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel. It is available in 6 categories, which include Physics, Medicine, Chemistry, Literature, Economics and Peace. It is given only to those who have done the work of providing ‘the greatest benefit to mankind’. Nobel Prizes were awarded for the first time in 1901 and Rabindranath Tagore is the first Indian to win the Nobel Prize.

No person can nominate anyone for the Nobel Peace Prize. Only those people can nominate who are authorized by the Nobel Committee.

• Nominations for Nobel can be made by the President, Prime Minister, Parliamentarian, Justice of the International Court, former Nobel laureates, professors of universities, current and former members of the Nobel Committee and heads of some special institutions and organizations.
• Nobel nominations run from September to January 31 every year.
• Experts are consulted in March, April and May.
• A report with suggestions is prepared in June and July.
• In September, the Nobel Academy receives the report of the names of the final candidates.
• The Nobel Prize is announced after voting in October.
• The Nobel Prize is awarded on 10 December, the death anniversary of Alfred Nobel.