Who is bigger in ADM and SDM and who has how much power, this question often comes in people’s mind because both the posts are considered very important in government administration. While handling matters related to work, law and order and revenue in the districts, the names of these two officers come up again and again, but most of the people are not able to clearly understand the difference between them. In such a situation, it is important to know what is the role of SDM and ADM and whose post is considered higher.

First of all let’s talk about Additional District Magistrate of ADM and he is called Additional District Magistrate. According to his responsibilities, ADM is considered the second highest officer in the district after DM. ADM keeps an eye on the administration, law and order and development plans of the entire district.

These responsibilities rest on ADM

IAS officers or senior PCS officers are appointed to this post. In the absence of DM, the entire district runs under the control of ADM. From the hearing of big revenue cases to the progress of government schemes running in the district, ADM plays an important role in every major decision. Important tasks like security of the district, monitoring of big programs and monitoring of administrative orders are the responsibility of ADM.

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What is the work of SDM?

At the same time, the full form of SDM is Sub-Divisional Magistrate and he is also called Sub-District Officer. This officer is the head of the tehsil created within a district. Generally, PCS officers or IAS officers are appointed to the post of SDM.

The responsibilities of the SDM include resolving revenue and land related disputes, controlling law and order, overseeing elections, handling relief work in case of any natural disaster or accident and monitoring officers like Tehsildar and Naib Tehsildar. SDM does most of the administrative work directly related to the public, hence his role is very important for the administration’s reach to the public.

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Like every year, the famous English dictionary Cambridge Dictionary has come up with its Word of the Year 2025 this year too. This time the word that has made its place is ‘parasocial’. This word describes a special kind of emotional habit that is rapidly growing in today’s social media world. Where people start feeling a one-sided relationship with their favorite celebrities, social media influencers or even AI chatbots. This relationship does not exist in the real world, but a deep connection remains in the mind.

If you ever see any actor, singer, YouTuber or any character and feel that they understand you, or you see them as close to you, then this is a ‘parasocial’ behavior. In view of this growing trend, Cambridge Dictionary has declared this word as the most special word of the year.
Why was the word ‘parasocial’ chosen?

Social media has made a big place in people’s lives. Instagram, YouTube, Reels and Vlog have now become a part of people’s daily routine. Millions of people follow their favorite influencers, watching their every post, every update and every little thing with great attention.

Many people start considering a celebrity as their family. It seems as if he knows them and understands them. But in reality this relationship is only one-sided. This one-sided relationship is called parasocial relationship.

Cambridge Dictionary said that this year the discussion of this type of connection has increased a lot in social media. People have started connecting with the lives of their favorite celebrities so deeply that it has taken the form of a big social trend. For this reason the word ‘parasocial’ was chosen as the word of the year.

What does ‘parasocial’ mean?

‘Parasocial’ means a relationship in which there is a lot of emotion, but that relationship is only from your side. In this, you start considering your favorite actors or influencers as your friends or close ones. Become very attached to their life. Feel their sorrows and happiness. But they are not even aware of your presence. Still, this emotional relationship leaves a deep impact on your mind like a real relationship.

When was the word ‘parasocial’ used for the first time?

This word is not new. Its history is quite old. In 1956, two sociologists from the University of Chicago used the word ‘parasocial’ for the first time. TV was new at that time and researchers noticed that people watching TV felt an emotional connection with the celebrities appearing on the screen. Many people wanted to be like him, dress like him or talk like him. This connection later came to be known as ‘parasocial relationship’. Today the same relationship has increased manifold due to social media.

Also read – BPSC Result: BPAC preliminary exam result released; Know how many students were successful

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Bihar Public Service Commission has released the result of 71st preliminary examination. This time a total of 14,261 candidates have passed the examination, out of which 13,368 candidates have been successful for General Administrative Services, while 893 candidates have qualified for the post of Financial Administrative Officer.

About 4.71 lakh candidates had applied for this examination. Out of these, about 3.57 lakh candidates downloaded the admit card and 3.16 lakh candidates appeared in the examination. The examination was conducted at 912 examination centers in Bihar. According to the attendance, about 64.3% candidates appeared in the examination.

To check the result, candidates can check their result by visiting the official website of BPSC, bpsc.bihar.gov.in.

This time the cutoff has also been released. The cutoff for General category is 88 marks, EWS is 82.33 marks, Backward Class is 84 marks, Extremely Backward Class is 81 marks, Scheduled Caste is 72 marks, and Scheduled Tribe cutoff is 71.33 marks. The number of candidates who have scored more than 100 marks in this examination is said to be 211..

After the release of the result, now the recruitment process for 1298 posts will proceed. The next phase will be the main examination, for which BPSC will announce the date soon.

The main examination will be conducted in three subjects.

• General Hindi (100 marks) – This will be a qualifying paper and its marks will not be added to the merit. Candidates will be required to score at least 30 marks to pass.
• General Studies 1 (300 marks)
• General Studies 2 (300 marks)
• Optional Subject (300 Marks)

All the papers will be long answer type and the duration of each exam is fixed for 3 hours. Candidates who have qualified the preliminary exam should now start preparing for the main exam as the competition is going to be very tough.

The release of this result of BPSC has brought relief to lakhs of candidates and now everyone’s eyes are fixed on the announcement of the main examination.

How to see result

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The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has issued an important notice for the upcoming 10th board examinations of 2026. In this notice, the complete pattern of marks of theory, practical, project and internal assessment i.e. IA for different subjects has been clearly explained. This notice is very useful for the students studying in the new session, because now it has become clear how 100 marks will be divided in which subject and how much attention is required on which part.

According to CBSE, every year many schools make mistakes while uploading the marks of practical, project or internal assessment. Due to these mistakes of the schools, the final marksheet of the students gets affected and later the schools request for correction. This time, the board has issued clear rules from the very beginning and warned that schools should avoid any kind of mistake, because they will not get a chance to improve later.

The board has said that schools should read this notice carefully and strictly follow all the instructions. Besides, a list of each subject has also been released in which information about different marks of theory, practical, project and internal assessment has been given.

Marks Distribution: Complete calculation of 100 marks

According to the notice, 100 marks of all subjects have been divided into four parts. Theory, Practical, Project and Internal Assessment. The weightage of the four sections in each subject is different, and it is these details that the board has specially highlighted this time so that students can prepare accordingly.

This information is also important for the students because if the weightage of practical is more in any subject then the method of preparation also changes. At the same time, the importance of marks based on map work, lab work, models, oral examination and activities also increases.

CBSE warning

The board has clearly said that many schools hurry or ignore while uploading the marks, due to which mistakes are made. This time the board has already issued instructions that schools should avoid any kind of mistake, because no option will be given to improve marks later.

The board also says that whether an external examiner will be appointed for each subject or not is also mentioned in this list. Practicals of some subjects will be in the answer sheets given by the board, while in some the schools will use their own copies.

Why is this notice important for students?

Many times students focus only on theory and take the internal assessment marks lightly. Whereas in many subjects IA has 20 to 30 marks, which has a great impact on the final result. Apart from this, project work and practical are also an important part of the total marks.

If students know in advance how much weightage is given to which subject, then they can balance their preparation and plan for good marks throughout the year.

New syllabus and sample paper have also been released.

Along with the distribution of marks, CBSE has also released the complete syllabus for the year 2025–26. This syllabus is the basis for complete preparation for 10th board exam. Sample papers issued by the board are also now available, in which not only the level of questions but also the marking scheme is given. Students can estimate their preparation by solving these model papers. Both syllabus and sample papers are very important in this session, because on the basis of these the questions of the board exam will be prepared.

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Whenever there is mention of educational institutions of the country, the name of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) definitely comes in it. Thousands of students apply every year, but many find it difficult to understand how the reservation system actually works. Separate provisions have been made for SC, ST, OBC-NCL, EWS and PWD students in course admission, which are in accordance with the rules of the Central Government.

In JNU, SC category students get 15% reservation and ST students get 7.5% reservation. For this, a caste certificate issued by a recognized authority is necessary, which should include the student’s name, caste, state and confirmation that this caste is registered in the list of the Central Government. If a student does not have the certificate at the time of application, he can submit the receipt of application. But it is necessary to submit the original certificate before final admission. If an SC/ST student is selected from general merit, he/she is not included in the reserved seats.

Reservation for OBC

OBC students get 27% reservation. The OBC-NCL certificate should be as per the Central Government list and it should also be clear that the student falls in the non-creamy layer. For this, a valid certificate for the financial year 2025–26 is necessary. If new certificate is not available then old or application receipt can be submitted, but valid certificate will have to be presented at the time of admission.

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Reservation for PWD category

There is 5% reservation in JNU for disabled (PWD) students. This reservation is given to those who have minimum 40% disability. This includes conditions like locomotor disability, cerebral palsy, mental illness, dwarfism, muscular dystrophy, blindness, deafness, autism, blood disorders and multiple disabilities. For this, medical certificate in the prescribed format is necessary.

EWS gets benefits

There is also 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Section (EWS) in JNU. It is available to those students whose annual family income is less than Rs 8 lakh and who do not have property like large agricultural area, large residential plot or big size flat. EWS certificate is also issued by authorized officers only.

Also read – Big update in RRB JE Recruitment 2025, increased vacancy and last date; Apply like this

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A big update has come out regarding the Railway Recruitment Board (RRB) Junior Engineer Recruitment 2025, for which lakhs of candidates were waiting. The board has not only increased the number of vacancies but has also extended the last date of application. After this change, candidates have now got a better opportunity to apply.

Now recruitment on 2569 posts

According to the new notification issued by RRB, now additional posts have been added for Chennai and Jammu-Srinagar regions. 169 posts have been increased in Chennai and 95 posts have been increased in Jammu-Srinagar. With this, now a total of 2569 vacant posts will be recruited. These posts include Junior Engineer (JE), Depot Material Superintendent and Chemical and Metallurgical Assistant.

New last date of application

By extending the earlier deadline, the last date for application has now been extended to December 10, 2025. Candidates can now apply online till this date. For the candidates who have already filled the form, the last date for depositing the fee has been fixed as December 12, 2025. Therefore, it is important to ensure that all the processes are completed within the stipulated time.

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Correction window will open from December 13

Many times, minor mistakes are made while filling the application form in a hurry. RRB has decided to open the amendment window to provide convenience to the candidates. This window will start from 13 December 2025 and will remain active till 22 December 2025. During this period, candidates will be able to make corrections in their application form. Keep in mind, no modification will be possible after the window is closed.

How to apply?

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The country’s higher education institutes have made a mark in the QS World University Rankings: Sustainability 2026. In this list, 9 Indian universities have made it to the top 700. This time too, IIT Delhi was India’s best performer in this list. The institute has secured 205th rank.

This time, more than 100 Indian universities were included in the ranking, due to which India remained at fourth position in the world. According to the QS report, the ranking of 32 out of 103 Indian institutions improved. While the ranking of 15 institutions remained the same, the ranking of 30 institutions has fallen.

Many universities in India have scored very strongly in Earth Sciences, Climate Studies and Environmental Programmes. It is clear from this that India is moving forward regarding environment and science education.

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9 Indian universities reach top 700

Performance of IITs

IIT Delhi and IIT Kharagpur reached top 100 in Employability and Outcomes categories. IIT Delhi secured 93rd position and IIT Kharagpur at 96th position. Apart from this, IIT Bombay moved up one place to 100th in the environmental impact category. IIT Kharagpur has been ranked 49th in environmental sustainability.

This year, a total of 2000 universities and from 106 countries participated in the ranking. Most of the universities were from America. 240 institutions of America participated in it. China is at second place where 163 institutions participated. This time 109 institutes from UK, 103 institutes from India and 76 institutes from France participated.

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