It is necessary for every creature to reproduce to further its species. In such a situation, the reproduction process and capabilities of all creatures are quite different from each other. Some give birth to one child at a time while others lay thousands of eggs at a time.

But a recent study has revealed that there is a species of fish found in the Himalayas which has started laying eggs throughout the year and their reproduction capacity has become very high. The reason for all this is the changes in the weather. In such a situation, let us tell you today that due to some mistake of humans, fishes have started laying eggs throughout the year. Let us know about this.

What came out in the study?

Recently, scientists of Wildlife Institute of Dehradun have found in their research that the reproduction capability of fishes does not depend on their age but on their length. This fact has come to light in a study conducted on snow trout fish found in the Himalayas.
In fact, the results of this study have revealed that due to human actions and interference in nature, many changes have been seen in the reproduction process of fishes. Snow trot fishes, which are found in the mountains, have started laying eggs throughout the year. It is worth noting that these fish lay eggs naturally only from December to March.

When do snow trout start laying eggs?

According to research, the female starts laying eggs for the first time when she is 23.6 centimeters long. This is an important discovery to understand the species found in the Himalayan region. Snow trout fish spawn in its natural time period when the temperature and river flow remain stable. But now due to human interference, their reproduction cycle has become irregular and they have started laying eggs throughout the year.

Due to this reason, the balance of many other animals like shrimp, insects and other small species has also been disturbed. Not only this, it can also affect humans because thousands of hill people rear trout. In such a situation, if there is any problem in the reproduction of trout, then their age and numbers will also be affected and this can also lead to loss of employment.

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Now the zeal and enthusiasm for start-ups is increasing rapidly among the youth of India. According to a recent study, almost three out of four university students dream of starting their own business. This shows that the next generation of the country is not limited to just getting a job, but is ready to bring change in the society and economy through their own business and new ideas. However, amidst this enthusiasm, many young entrepreneurs are facing challenges like lack of right direction, financial institutions and legal support. These obstacles can not only slow down their efforts but sometimes also prevent them from achieving their dreams.

What came out in the research

The report, titled Youth Entrepreneurship and Start-up Governance, Guiding the Next Generation of Leaders Towards Sustainability and Success, surveyed 1,000 Indian university students as well as 200 industry experts, investors, founders and CXOs. The objective of the study was to understand the mindset of young entrepreneurs, their ambitions, and the challenges they face.

According to the study, today’s youth are not just running after building big businesses or earning fast money. They are envisioning a business that is a combination of innovation, transparency and honesty. The youth not only want to expand their business but also want to have a positive impact on the society.

What are the big challenges?

The study also revealed that lack of guidance and financial support are the biggest obstacles.

1. 35 percent students said that lack of proper guidance is the biggest obstacle in starting their business.

2. 24 percent cited lack of guidance in legal and financial matters as a challenge.

3. 22 percent said that lack of adequate funding is their biggest problem.

4. 13 percent cited fear of failure, and 7 percent cited difficulty in balancing academic work and start-up efforts as a challenge.

roll of university survey

The report also revealed that investors have more confidence in businesses that follow transparency and ethical practices. Additionally, social impact and credibility of the founders also influence investor confidence. The study also highlighted the role universities play in nurturing young entrepreneurs. Nearly half of students said their university made an important contribution to business development, with 89 percent supporting ethical and financial inclusion. But only 9.6 percent students considered the current incubation program more effective.

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Nowadays, many beauty brands of makeup have come in the market. All the companies are launching their new makeup products. In such a situation, makeup has become a fashion tool in the market today. Also, beauty standards have also started being decided through this makeup.

Do you know when and where makeup first started? Actually, makeup was created for survival rather than fashion, but with time its use changed and today it has become a tool of modern fashion. In such a situation, let us know how makeup started.

How did makeup start?

In ancient times, makeup was not used to look attractive or to enhance beauty. Instead it was a method of survival. Early humans used to apply natural pigments like red clay, ash, dust etc. on their face and body. Also, some people used to use color around their eyes. By doing this, their eyes were protected from bright sunlight, insects and dust. Also, it was believed that makeup kept away evil spirits. Apart from this, using color on the face was also a part of culture and tradition in many places. For example, in Egypt this practice was done to show one’s identity, it revealed the social status, roles and age of the tribes.

How did it become a fashion tool?

Gradually, both the meaning and importance of makeup kept changing. In the Dark Ages, the Church had banned makeup as wrong. Then during the Renaissance, Queen Elizabeth used it to hide blemishes on her face, but from the beginning of the 20th century, Hollywood changed the meaning of makeup and actresses started using it to look beautiful. After this, common people also started applying makeup to look like actresses and it became quite common. Gradually the companies commercialized it and started promoting it through AIDS. In today’s time, makeup has become completely synonymous with fashion and beauty.

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In India, almost every house has a medicine box. It contains BP, sugar, thyroid, vitamins and many other medicines. When we get even the slightest cold, we immediately take medicine. Many times we also identify the medicine by its colour. In such a situation, have you ever wondered why all medicines are not white or why they are colourful? Let us tell you today why medicines are colourful, and why it is important for them to be colourful.

What do these colors mean?

Medicines come in many colours, like red, green, blue, yellow and even black. The reason behind this color of medicines is not just to make them look beautiful or attractive but these colors have great importance. There are many scientific reasons behind this. Actually, people taking several medicines simultaneously get a lot of benefit from these colors. For those who cannot read the names of medicines or for the elderly, it becomes easier to identify the medicines with the help of these colours. This helps them know which medicine to take during the day and which at night. Along with this, doctors and medical staff are also able to identify medicines quickly with the help of colors. This reduces the risk of giving wrong medicine to the patient. However, this does not at all mean that doctors give claims only after seeing the color.

What is the psychological impact of colours?

Apart from this, these colors of medicines also affect our mind. Pharmaceutical companies choose the color of medicines thoughtfully. Blue color is for peace and tranquility. In such a situation, you might have noticed that many sleeping or anti-anxiety medicines are blue in color. Red color indicates enthusiasm and energy. Therefore, this color is used more in energy booster medicines. Green color is used in herbal medicines because it is associated with nature.
Also, the nutrients of medicines can be identified by their colour. For example, the brown and black pills contain iron or vitamins. The color of medicines also helps in hiding their bitterness and patients are able to eat them easily.

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Due to the ongoing conflict between Pakistan and Afghanistan, Pakistan is now facing huge losses. Its economic condition has worsened and record breaking inflation is occurring in the markets. In such a situation, people have to pay excessive amounts of money even to buy daily essentials, due to which the general public is quite upset.

Actually, the borders between Pakistan and Afghanistan have been closed. Due to this, due to stoppage of import and export of goods, there has been a shortage of essential goods in the market, due to which the price of tomatoes in Pakistan is skyrocketing. In such a situation, let us know how much the prices of tomatoes have increased in Pakistan due to this border closure and what else apart from tomatoes, Pakistan buys from Kabul.

How much have tomato prices increased?

Since the closure of the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan from October 11, there has been a shortage of many essential items in Pakistan. During this period, tomatoes coming from Afghanistan are one of the biggest needs of Pakistan. Therefore now its price has doubled in the Pakistani market. According to traders and market reports of Pakistan, the price of tomato in the market has increased by 400 percent to Rs 600 per kg. At many places these prices have even crossed Rs 700 per kg. Along with this, due to closure of the border, there is a severe shortage of many things including apples, tomatoes and grapes in many big cities of Pakistan.

What does Pakistan buy from Kabul?

Apart from tomatoes, Pakistan buys many other essential items from Afghanistan. These include many things including cotton, edible vegetables and fruits, nuts, coffee, tea, mineral fuels, grains, oil seeds, cereals, rubber, tobacco. In this, cotton is exported the most. Afghanistan had exported cotton worth $138.85 million to Pakistan in the year 2023. Coal is exported from Afghanistan at second place and bituminous at third place is exported to Pakistan. In the year 2023, Afghanistan had exported a total of coal and bituminous worth $220.01 million to Pakistan. If we talk about agricultural products, fresh grapes and tomatoes are exported in the largest quantity.

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You must have heard about marathon race. In this, many participants run together and cover a long distance and reach a final point.
In such a situation, have you ever wondered why this race was named Marathon and why its distance is so odd? Actually, there is a very interesting story behind it, which you too will be surprised to hear. In such a situation, let us know about it.

What is the story of marathon?

There is an interesting story behind Marathon getting its name. Marathon started before the year 490 AD. There was a coastal plain named Marathon in Greece, where a battle took place between Greek and Persian soldiers. During this time, the small Greek army had badly defeated the Persians. In such a situation, a soldier named Phidipides of the Greek Army was sent to Greece to give this good news. The total distance from Marathon to Athens was 40 km, which Pheidippides covered by running. During this time Pheidippides also removed his armor and earrings. But by the time he reached there he was extremely tired and drenched in blood and upon reaching there he uttered only one word – Nainikikaman which in Greek meant we have won. Pheidippides died soon after giving the news of this victory. Later this story became the inspiration for the modern marathon.

Why is the marathon only 42.195 km long?

Although there is no real proof of this story, when the modern Olympics were started in the year 1896, a French scholar Michel Briel gave an idea that there should be a race in the Olympics which would pay tribute to this story. Then Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the Olympics, liked this idea very much and he adopted it, after which the first Olympic marathon took place in Athens. At that time, inspired by the story of marathon, the total distance of this sport was kept at 40 km. But even after this this distance was not fixed. Sometimes it was increased to 38 and sometimes to something else. It depended on what the roads and space were like at different places. Then came the London Olympics in 1908. In this, the organizers wanted to make this race special for the Royal Family. Therefore it was decided that the race would start at Windsor Castle and end at White City Stadium. Therefore, the distance was increased from 40 to 42.195 km so that the finish line of this race would end in front of the exact Royal Family.

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It is common for rain to occur on Earth, but what would happen if the same rain occurs on the Sun? It may sound strange but it is true that it rains on the sun too. However, in this rain the water does not fall unevenly. Actually, due to the sun being extremely hot and a ball of fire, plasma rains here during the rains. In scientific language this rain is called solar rain or coronal rain. In such a situation, scientists have also found out what is the reason for the occurrence of coronal rain? Let us know about this.

What is solar rain on the sun?

The outer layer of the sun is called corona. This outer layer of the sun is very hot and its temperature is approximately 7 lakh degrees Celsius, which is quite high. But with the change in magnetic field, some gases rise upwards in the air. Later, when these gases cool down, they become cold or dense (plasma) and turn into pieces. Then these pieces, being heavy, start falling downwards instead of going upwards. In this way they look like rain and have been named solar rain.

What was revealed in the research?

According to the report of Times of India, scientists were engaged for many years in solving the puzzle that despite such high temperature and heat on the Sun, cold plasma is formed in its layer. This study revealed that when elements like iron, magnesium and silicon are present in abundance in the outer layer of the sun, the cooling rate increases. In fact, when these elements gather in large quantities near the loop, due to increase in radiation and fall in temperature, the process of condensation starts and due to cooling of the gas, it gets converted into droplets and is responsible for solar rain or coronal rain.

How will it affect the Earth?

Sun is essential for everything present in this universe. In such a situation, all the changes taking place in it definitely affect the earth also. In fact, when too much radiation comes out from the sun, it causes space weather impact and also affects satellites, mobile networks and power lines.

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With time, humans gradually came to know about many new diseases like chickenpox, smallpox and cancer. But in the 19th century, a strange and strange disease appeared in Europe, whose name was bicycle face.

Doctors said that this disease affects only women. But was it really a disease or just an illusion? In fact, with the invention of the bicycle in the West, women started moving forward and becoming independent. In such a situation, to reduce the freedom of women, the disease of bicycle face was invented in the society so that women do not ride bicycles due to the fear of this disease. In such a situation, let us tell you about this exciting story.

What was bicycle face disease?

In the case of bicycle face disease, it was said that due to bicycle riding, women’s eyes would bulge out, their chin would become thin and sore, they would start looking tired, their face would lose color and they would become ugly. Actually, not a single one of these things was true, it was all just a rumour. At that time, false news about this disease was spread to prevent women from riding bicycles. Also, many doctors said that the fertility of women who ride bicycles will also reduce with time.

Why was this rumor spread?

There were many reasons for spreading this rumor in Europe in the 19th century. In fact, after the invention of the bicycle, women also started riding it. Due to this she started becoming independent. Along with cycling, emphasis was also laid on women’s independence and they started learning to go out of the house. Not only this, changes were also seen in women’s clothes due to cycling. Now she left the traditional skirt and started wearing a proper pant-shirt type dress to ride the bicycle. In such a situation, at that time the bicycle started being considered a symbol of feminism, which went against the Victorian rules and talked about the freedom of women. Therefore, due to this, this propaganda was started to snatch away the freedom of women.

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