Birbal was another name for laughter, wisdom and logic in the Mughal court. Birbal, whom Emperor Akbar blindly trusted, died one day in such circumstances that even his dead body could not be recovered. This incident recorded in history is not just the story of a war, but also the story of the biggest mistake and deepest regret of Akbar’s life. After all, what happened that day, when the brightest gem of the court was extinguished forever?

Special relationship between Akbar and Birbal

Birbal was one of Akbar’s Navratnas and his identity in the court was not just that of a minister but as the most trusted advisor of the emperor. Akbar liked him very much because of his wit, intelligence and clear thinking. Akbar-Birbal’s relationship is openly mentioned in many historical books, especially in Ira Mukhoti’s ‘The Great Mughal’. Akbar many times kept Birbal’s opinion above all else.

Elephant story, when Akbar himself saved his life

In the year 1583, a battle of elephants was organized in Fatehpur Sikri. An uncontrollable elephant suddenly moved towards Birbal and picked him up in the trunk and waved him in the air. There was chaos in the court. Before the soldiers could understand anything, Akbar himself proceeded on horseback and distracted the attention of the elephant. The elephant left Birbal and his life was saved. This incident shows how much importance Akbar gave to Birbal.

The game of fate changed after three years

The situation changed completely in 1586. In the Swat and Bajaur areas of Afghanistan, the Yusufzai tribes had rebelled against the Mughal rule. People were troubled by looting and violence. Akbar sent his commander Jain Khan Koka there, but he did not get success. When the call for help came, two names were present in the court – Abul Fazal and Birbal.

Akbar’s biggest mistake

Abul Fazal was more experienced in war and strategy and was ready to go himself, but Akbar chose Birbal and sent him to Bajaur with 8000 soldiers. This is where Akbar made a big mistake. Birbal was adept at intelligence and diplomacy, but war was not his strong suit. Later, this decision continued to trouble Akbar throughout his life.

infighting and ambush

The relationship between Birbal and Jain Khan Koka was not good before. The strategies of both continued to clash in Bajaur also. Birbal made a different plan considering the hilly areas, but Jain Khan did not agree with it. Meanwhile, the Afghan tribes saw the opportunity and set up an ambush. In the Balandari valley, where the Mughal army had camped, they were attacked with stones and arrows in the dark of night.

The tragic end and the missing body

The sudden attack caused huge destruction. According to historians, more than 8000 Mughal soldiers were killed. Birbal also died in this attack by being buried under stones. Due to the hilly area, his body could never be found. This is considered to be the biggest military defeat of Akbar’s reign.

Akbar’s deep shock

Abul Fazal has written in ‘Akbarnama’ that Birbal’s death had broken Akbar to the core. Even historians like Badayuni, who was jealous of Birbal, admitted that Akbar was never seen to be so devastated by someone’s death. Not being able to even perform the last rites of Birbal was the biggest sorrow for Akbar.

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The Mughal Empire is generally known for its vast power, art and administrative system, but this period was also very important in the field of education and knowledge. Mughal rulers believed that scholarship and intellectual understanding were as important for strong governance as military power. This is the reason why teachers, scholars and writers were given special respect in the Mughal court. This point is supported by many writers, including Ali M Aziz, Irfan Habib and JN Sarkar. These people have mentioned the traditions of the Mughal court very well in their books.

Mughal princes were not educated in common schools or abroad. They were taught inside the palaces only. Subjects like Persian, Arabic, history, geography, mathematics, literature and philosophy were part of education. Cities like Agra and Lahore were considered big educational centers of that era, where scholars from India and abroad used to come and teach the princes.

Dara Shikoh Symbol of wisdom and spirituality

Shahjahan’s elder son Dara Shikoh is considered the most learned and thoughtful prince in Mughal history. He was not particularly interested in power or war, rather he was inclined towards spirituality and philosophy. He kept in touch with Sufi saints and tried to understand the teachings of different religions. Dara Shikoh believed that the basic spirit of all religions is the same. Under this thinking, he studied the Upanishads and got about 50 Upanishads translated into Persian language. In his famous work Majm-ul-Bahrain, the similarities between Sufism and Vedanta philosophy have been explained. This is why historians consider him the most progressive and educated prince of the Mughal era.

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People often say that India was once a golden bird and its wealth was lost with the arrival of the Mughals, but many sources of history prove this notion wrong. In fact, it was during the Mughal rule that India reached the highest level of economic and cultural prosperity. Especially the period from Akbar to Shahjahan is considered as the strongest economic situation in Indian history.

According to historians, the time of Shahjahan was the period when India was the largest and richest economy in the world, but it is also true that it was Akbar who laid the foundation of this prosperity. Akbar strengthened the administrative structure, provided relief to the farmers, simplified the revenue system and maintained law and order throughout the empire. For this reason, India remained on top in the world economy for the next 150 years.

Golden Age of Mughal Era

Harmony remained between different castes and communities during Akbar’s rule. Trade grew rapidly, artisans and artists got patronage. The internal markets of the country became very powerful. This was the same time when India’s international identity became that of a prosperous, well-organized and culturally superior nation. After this, Jahangir and Shahjahan further strengthened the empire on this foundation.

Elon Musk and Akbar’s wealth

According to the report of Aberdeen Asia and Money.com, Akbar’s wealth as of today was 21 trillion dollars, which in Indian currency is approximately Rs 1750 lakh crore. According to the Forbes report, the total wealth of Elon Musk was around 500 billion dollars in October 2025, which is approximately (about Rs 41-42 lakh crore) in Indian currency. Seen in this way, Elon Musk’s wealth is like cumin in the camel’s mouth in front of Akbar.

India’s economic power – a quarter of the world’s wealth

Many historians estimate that India during the Mughal period alone had a share of about 25 percent of the world’s total economy. Today it is considered equal to the combined economic power of America and China. At that time, most of the countries of Europe were in poor condition and were surprised to see the prosperity of India.

India full of opulence in the eyes of foreign travelers

During the Mughal period, foreign travelers coming to India were stunned to see the splendor of this place. French traveler Tavernier wrote that there is no shortage of money in India and the markets here are the richest in the world. François Bernier called India heaven on earth and said that the things here were more beautiful and cheaper than those in Europe. The English traveler Thomas Roe was stunned to see the grandeur of the Mughal court and wrote that even the kings of Europe could not match this grandeur.

Shahjahan and the amazing glory of the Mughal court

Shahjahan’s court was the subject of discussion all over the world for its pomp, beauty and luxury. His famous Peacock Throne, which was made of gold and precious gems. In today’s price it is estimated to be approximately Rs 1 lakh 35 thousand crore. Many travelers also wrote that Shahjahan used to get diamonds and pearls showered on special occasions. According to the official website of Taj Mahal, during the time of Shahjahan, the revenue coming from land alone was equal to 20.75 million pounds.

How did India become so rich?

India’s prosperity increased rapidly during the Mughal period due to many reasons. The fertile fields gave huge production of grains, the skill of the artisans gave global recognition to textiles, metal art, brocade and silk fabrics and the trade of spices made India top in the whole world. India was rich in natural resources and almost every item was produced within the country, due to which self-reliance remained strong.

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Whenever the name of Zaheeruddin Mohammad Babar is taken in Mughal history, the picture of the battle of Panipat and the establishment of the Mughal Empire emerges in the minds of most people, but Babar was not just a conqueror, he was also a poet, writer, artist and sensitive thinker.

By defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, he laid the foundation of a new sultanate in India, but his autobiography Baburnama proves that within him was a man who honestly accepted his failures, emotions and life struggles.

Love and separation in the life of Babar

Babar’s emotional aspects are also reflected in his autobiography. He married his cousin sister Ayesha, but this marriage was unsatisfactory. There is an incident in his autobiography, in which he wrote that there was a boy named Babri in the Urdu market. My mind got distracted towards him and I lost myself. He writes that if he had come forward, I would not have been able to make eye contact out of shame, nor could I have complained if he had not come.

Man and ruler reflected in Baburnama autobiography

In Babur’s autobiography Tuzuk-e-Babri (or Baburnama), he has not only described his rule and wars, but has also depicted his inner loneliness and struggles. He has mentioned in Baburnama that the days I stayed in Tashkent were spent in great sorrow and poverty. The country was gone, there was no hope left and the servants who were with me had also left me due to poverty. A couplet of Babar shows his mental state. ‘Neither do I have friends now, nor do I have country and wealth. I don’t have a moment’s peace, it was my decision to come here, but now it is not possible to go back.

Attitudes towards India and Taimur’s legacy

According to historian Professor Nishant Manjar, Babur’s inclination towards India was not just an ambition, but an economic and political necessity. There were limited sources of revenue in Kabul and there was a dire need of money for governance. That’s why Babar attacked the western part of India several times, but there was also an emotional element behind his coming to India. It is said that an old woman told Babur the stories of Taimur’s conquest of India, due to which the dream of reviving the Timurid Empire blossomed in his mind.

Babar, lover of education, literature and art

Babar was born in Andijan, the capital of Fargana. His ancestors like Genghis Khan and Taimur Lang were not educated, but Babur considered education and learning as the basis of governance. He started education at the age of four years and four days as per Islamic tradition. His literary contribution was so influential that historian Stephen Dale wrote in his book “Garden of Paradise” that Babar’s writing style is as modern and lively as that of today’s era. Many experts have called his prose style the lifeblood of Urdu prose even before Ghalib.

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The pride and chic of the Mughal Empire were seen not only in their palaces and crowns, but also in the royal birthday celebrations. This was mentioned by historians Abul Fazal and Kishori Sharan Lal in their book The Mughal Harem, according to which Akbar started the weight weighing ceremony inspired by the Hindu tradition. The king was weighed twice a year on solar and lunar birthdays. Shehzadas and grandchildren weighed once a year. Gold, silver, diamonds, pearls, silk fabrics, spices and grains were used for weight. Jahangir has written in his memoirs that this ritual was organized in the buildings of the court, sometimes harem and sometimes Rajmata.

British travelers Edward Terry and Sir Thomas Raw have written the eyes of these royal rituals. According to him, Jahangir was weighed in scales with heavy gold chains. Carpets were lying on the scales. During that time, the courtiers used to stand all around and looked at the queens from behind the curtain. The king wore brilliant clothes adorned with gems and beads. At first they were weighed with jewels, then gold-silver, clothes, spices and grains. These materials were later donated to the poor and the needy, which also added religious and social importance to this ritual.

Haram’s participation and anniversary chance
The anniversary ceremony was not limited to the court only. Haram had great importance for women. Royal mothers often sent materials for weight. Sometimes the entire event was held in the building of Rajmata. Every year a lump would be tied on the lanyard by measuring the length of the king, which was called an anniversary. This tradition ran from Akbar to Aurangzeb, even though Aurangzeb gave less grandeur to many rituals due to his religious inclination.

Birthday feasts, alcohol, music and boating
The Mughal birthdays were not limited to rituals just. It was also a chance for grand feasts and festivals. Dozens of dishes and roasted meat were served in the royal feast. The liquor plates used to come in front of the courtiers and the emperor. Music, dance and festivals would last late at night. There were parties and picnics in gardens. Jahangir has written in his memoirs that he used to attend the birthday celebration overnight with women and children in Nur Jahan Begum’s palaces and lakes.

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In medieval India, the Mughal Empire was counted among the most rich empires in the world. This period from Babur to Aurangzeb was famous not only for political strength but also for the royal lifestyle and beauty of the queens. At that time, India’s economy had about 25% stake in the world. The queens and princesses used to get the tax of the entire state as private income. With this wealth, she used the most expensive makeup and beauty treatment in the world.

Sabiha Haq, author of The Mughal Ari, has mentioned Jahangir’s Begum Nur Jahan in his book. Nur Jahan’s name is recorded in history for his beauty and art. It is said that once Nur Jahan was bathing in a rose petals. Then he saw a fragrant oil floating on the surface of the water. That fragrance impressed him so much that after this the tradition of making perfumes with roses and other flowers started. Gradually, perfume became an essential part of the beauty products of Mughal queens and princesses.

Mughal queen’s beauty routine
They had a special beauty routine behind the beauty of the Mughal queens. She used neem datun and powder made of pearls, camphor and musk to clean teeth and gums. Lips were given natural redness from betel leaf, while face and hands were groomed with aromatic creams and perfumes every day.

Use of milk and saffron
Milk and saffron were used to maintain skin glow. The queens used to apply powder of gems like pearls, emerald and firoza in skin care and makeup. Sandalwood powder was mixed with rose water, milk and turmeric and applied on the face and body. For eye makeup, powder of gems was also added to sandalwood. The leaves of drumstick i.e. Moringa were also part of his beauty routine. They were previously used in medicinal use, but later it was also used for skin care. This kept the skin healthy and young.

Mughal beauty products and royal lifestyle
The women of the Mughal court used products made of natural and Ayurvedic materials. Perfumes and rose water were essential for fragrance and freshness. Milk and saffron improved the skin. Gemstone powder was applied to improve makeup and skin tone. Sandalwood and turmeric were used as natural face packs.

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Nepal is currently going through a turbulent phase. Unemployment is increasing, youth are agitating on the streets and the government is facing allegations of corruption. Meanwhile, the demand for the return of the monarchy is also arising. Amidst this political instability, an old question is again in the discussion- why did the Mughals who ruled over a huge country like India ever completely subordinate Nepal?

Mughal empire and Nepal’s question

From 16th to 18th century, the Mughal Empire was the most powerful force of the Indian subcontinent. From Babur to Aurangzeb, the influence of the Mughals was spread to Bengal, Punjab, Deccan and Afghan border. Despite this, Nepal remained out of his possession.

Nepal’s geographical location was the biggest challenge for the Mughals. High mountains, narrow passes, deep valleys and dense forests provided natural security to Nepal. The Mughal, dependent on the heavy artillery and a huge mounted army, weakened in the mountain war.

Economic importance low

The Mughals were eyeing most of the plains and fertile areas. The Doab, Bengal and Gujarat of Ganga-Yamuna were a great source of prosperity and business for them. In comparison, Nepal was an area with limited agricultural production and difficult geography. So it was not an attractive goal for the empire.

At that time, Nepal was divided into many small states-Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur. These states may fight among themselves, but were able to resist together at the time of external attacks. This solidarity became a security shield against the Mughals.

Business relations between Nepal India and Tibet

Nepal was a trade bridge between India and Tibet. Salt, wool, spices and metals used to have a big business from here. It was more beneficial for the Mughals to maintain business relations rather than struggling with Nepal.

Cultural cause

Nepal was a strong center of Hindu and Buddhist traditions. The people there were aware of their cultural identity. The Mughal rule was seen as a cultural threat. This was the reason that Nepal did not accept external subjugation.

Challenge of military strategy

Nepal’s Gorkha warrior was proficient in the mountain guerrilla war. In comparison, the Mughal army was based on the field strategy. They could have to face heavy losses in the mountains. So he did not take the risk of climbing Nepal.

There were many other major challenges in front of the Mughals. Afghan and Iranian threats in the north-west, struggle with the Marathas in the south and the difficulties of Assam and Bengal in the east. In such a situation, a small and difficult terrain like Nepal did not become a goal of their expansion.

What are historical evidence?

• Nepal’s mention in Aine-e-Akbari is limited to trade and cultural relations.
• JN The government has written that Nepal never came under the direct rule of the Mughals.
• Nepali historians also believe that Nepal always preserved its sovereignty.

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At present, violent demonstrations are going on in Nepal, due to which the whole country is burning. The youth are leading the ongoing protests in Nepal, who have made a ruckus against the corruption being done by the government. Talking about the history of Nepal, it is also related to the Mughals, where he could never rule. There are many reasons behind this. Nepal’s geographical location used to act like a natural fort. The high-up Himalayan mountains, deep valleys and narrow pass were the biggest challenge for external invaders. The Mughal army depended on huge mounted troops and heavy articles. Because of this she was not suitable for mountain war. In the plains, they easily win, while the hard geographical structure of Nepal became impossible for them.

The Mughal Empire expanded primarily on the rich areas of fertile and commercially rich areas. The Doab, Bengal, Gujarat and Deccan of Ganga-Yamuna were economically attractive. In contrast, Nepal’s agricultural capacity was limited and from there the empire could not get enough tax or resources. This is the reason that Nepal was not involved in his primary goals.

Mughals in the pages of history
Nepal’s mention in Abul Fazal’s book Ein-e-Akbari is limited to business and cultural relations. JN According to the government’s history of aurangzeb, Nepal never came under the direct rule of the Mughals. Nepali historian Baburam Acharya says that Nepal always maintained its sovereignty and worked to maintain a relationship through business agreements.

Strategic understanding of Nepali states
At that time, Nepal was divided into many small states Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur. They used to struggle among themselves, but faced unitedly at the time of external attacks. His control over local forts and mountainous paths was strong. This was the reason that Nepal maintained business relations, but never accepted political subjugation.

Importance of Tibet and Himalayan trade routes
Nepal was the bridge of trade between India and Tibet. Salt, wool, spices and metals were exchanged from here. This trade route was important for the Mughals, but they could not make a direct access to Tibet, so it was a better policy to maintain business relations with them instead of confrontation with Nepal.

Defense of cultural and religious identity
The society of Nepal was deeply associated with Hindu and Buddhist traditions. The subjugation of external Muslim power was considered a cultural threat to the people there. This was the reason that the Nepali rulers always preferred freedom and resistance. The strength of the Mughals was in the cavalry army and artillery, but Nepal’s geography was unsuitable for this military system. At the same time, Gorkha warrior guerrillas were proficient in war. This warfare was beyond the experience of the Mughals. Even if they had launched the campaign in Nepal, they would have suffered heavy losses.

Other strategic priorities
The Mughal Empire was constantly challenged on many fronts like Afghan, Irani, Maratha and Assam, so the attempt to win a difficult terrain like Nepal was not strategically appropriate for them.

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The Central Government has recently announced a big relief to the common and middle class families through GST reforms. The government says that these reforms will make everyday needs like bread, clothes and houses cheap, but do you know that tax reform is not a new step. In history also, different rulers have been changing the tax system from time to time. Especially during the Mughal period, the tax system was quite organized and strict, which was changed by the rulers from time to time.

Akbar made a big improvement

Land tax was the largest source of tax in the Mughal Empire. Farmers were generally taken from farmers as tax. During Akbar’s reign, his Finance Minister Todarmal made the tax systems more systematic, which was said to be the system. Earlier there was a survey of land in this and then tax was fixed on the basis of the average value of the produce. This reform reduced the burden of arbitrary recovery on farmers and it was considered the biggest tax reform of that time.

Non -Muslims used to be charged

During the Mughal period, non -Muslims were charged Jizia tax, but Akbar ended it by showing religious tolerance. This step is considered a big relief given to the subjects. However, Aurangzeb later re -implemented it. Due to this, the extra burden on the general public increased and dissatisfaction with the tax system also increased.

Trade and toll tax was also charged during the Mughal period

During the Mughal period, there was a tax burden not only on farmers but also on traders and travelers. Taxes used to carry goods from one place to another were called octroi. Object tax was charged for bringing goods in cities. At that time, passengers were taxed on crossing the road or river, which can be called today’s toll tax. That is, every class at that time was the effect of tax in some form. According to historians, Akbar is considered to be the biggest tax reformer of the Mughal period. Because Akbar not only arranged the land tax but also gave relief to the general public by removing the jazia tax.

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