When old documents of negotiations between the world’s major powers become public, many hidden truths not only come in front of the whole world but sometimes they also shake people. One such revelation has now happened regarding India’s neighboring country Pakistan. The revelations have once again proved Pakistan to be a failed country and this country has been described as a big threat to the entire world.

Russian President Vladimir Putin, in a conversation with US President George Bush in 2001, had described Pakistan as a country without democracy. The documents now made public show that both the leaders considered Pakistan’s nuclear program and military rule as a major threat to global security.

Transcript of Putin and Bush now public
During that time, Russian President Putin had expressed serious concern about Pakistan. Let us tell you that this conversation took place with the then American President George Bush, the transcript of which has now been made public. These documents have come to the fore through the National Security Archive, which contain details of meetings and phone calls between Putin and Bush between 2001 and 2008.

‘Pakistan’s nuclear weapons are a big threat to the world’
The meeting between Vladimir Putin and George Bush took place in Slovenia on June 16, 2001. During the meeting, Putin had told Bush that there is no democracy in Pakistan. Despite this, it is a nuclear-rich country, while only military officers rule here. Pakistan’s nuclear weapons are a big threat to the world. But western countries do not criticize Pakistan. The secret conversation between the two has now been made public.

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Common people often have many questions in their minds regarding nuclear weapons. The biggest question is who has the real control over these weapons in India. Can the Prime Minister, if he wishes, single-handedly order a nuclear attack or is there any fixed procedure and rules for this? To understand the answers to these questions, it is important to know India’s nuclear policy and command system.

According to the report of The Nuclear Threat Initiative, India is among the few countries which have nuclear weapons, but India has always made it clear that these weapons are not for aggression but for security. India believes that nuclear power should not be used to create fear, but to maintain peace. Due to this thinking, India has made its nuclear policy quite balanced and responsible. India has a total of 180 nuclear weapons.

What does no first use policy mean?

India’s most important nuclear policy is No First Use. This simply means that India will never launch a nuclear attack on any country first. Unless there is a nuclear attack on India, it will not use these weapons. Through this policy, India gives a message to the world that its power is for protection, not for destruction.

Is a nuclear attack possible with just the press of a button?

It is often shown in films that a leader sitting in a room presses a button and a nuclear attack occurs. The reality is completely different from this. Launching a nuclear weapon in real life is a very complex and lengthy process. This process involves several levels of verification, validation and approval. Nothing like this can be done by one person or one order.

Who has ultimate control of nuclear weapons in India?

In India, every decision related to nuclear weapons is taken under the Nuclear Command Authority. This is the highest institution of the country, which decides on nuclear policy and use of weapons. This authority has two main parts. The first part is the Political Council, whose chairman is the Prime Minister himself. This council gives final approval at the political level. The second part is the Executive Council, which is headed by the National Security Advisor. This council looks after technical, military and strategic aspects. Use of nuclear weapons is not possible without the consent and prescribed procedure at both levels.

Can the Prime Minister single-handedly order a nuclear attack?

The Prime Minister is definitely the head of the Government of India, but he alone cannot take decisions in the matter of nuclear weapons. They have to follow the entire system and constitutional process of the Nuclear Command Authority. This system has been deliberately designed so that hasty, emotional or one-sided decisions cannot be taken under any circumstances.

Why is India’s nuclear system considered different in the world?

India’s nuclear policy is considered special because it involves responsibility along with power. The policy of no first strike, collective decision system and strong command structure make India a reliable nuclear nation. This is the reason why India is seen on the international stage as a balanced and responsible nuclear power, which uses force only as a last resort.

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The statement of former CIA officer Richard Barlow regarding America-Pakistan relations and nuclear weapons has created a sensation. He said that all the Presidents of America till 1989 kept proving that Pakistan did not have nuclear weapons, while they knew very well that Islamabad could deploy nuclear weapons on F-16 aircraft. Despite this, America provided them nuclear weapons.

In an interview given to news agency ANI, Richard Barlow said that I can tell you that most of us in the CIA were not comfortable with this. Even though we are not elected officials, we can provide senior policy-makers with the best available intelligence that is accurate. What they do after this is not our business, because we do not have control over it. They are the elected representatives of the American people.

Richard Barlow was a CIA officer in 1980
Let us tell you that Richard Barlow was part of the CIA as an officer during Pakistan’s covert nuclear activities in the late 1980s. He further told that American investigative journalist and political writer Seymour Hersh had given interviews on these same matters, which were published in The New Yorker. During the Brassstacks crisis in 1987, Pakistan’s father of the bomb, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, had said in an interview that Pakistan had nuclear bombs. The Brassstacks crisis was a nuclear crisis that arose between Pakistan and India following Indian Army exercises from November 1986 to January 1987. Pakistan believed that this military exercise was a direct threat to its division into two parts.

Richard Barlow’s shocking revelation
He said you can read about it in Seymour Hersh’s article in The New Yorker in 1993. He had seen the intelligence community take nuclear weapons to airports and put them into F-16 planes. According to the US President, the nuclear weapons which Pakistan did not possess were actually kept there.
He further said that we knew everything about the design of Pakistani nuclear weapons and as you can imagine. We also knew everything about the F-16. We also knew that the F-16s were capable of delivering the Pakistani nuclear weapons available at that time without any doubt. Nevertheless the government went ahead with the sale.

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The sensational claim made by US President Donald Trump regarding Pakistan’s secret nuclear tests has increased the international stir. A few days ago, Trump had said that along with Russia, China, North Korea, Pakistan is also secretly conducting nuclear tests. Now India has given its first reaction on this claim. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) said that Pakistan’s history itself has been full of illegal and hidden nuclear activities and India has always been warning the world about this.

India’s statement on Pakistan’s nuclear history
MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal said that Pakistan’s decades-old activities – such as smuggling, export control violations, covert cooperation, AQ Khan network and nuclear proliferation – have been part of its record. He said that India has always been drawing the attention of the international community towards these actions of Pakistan. In this context, India has ‘noted’ Trump’s statement.

What did Trump claim?
On November 2, in the CBS program 60 Minutes, Trump had claimed that Russia, China and Pakistan are conducting nuclear tests, while America is lagging behind in this part. He did not give any concrete information, but after his statement, discussion started on social media that Pakistan might have conducted a secret test between April-May 2025, when there were frequent moderate intensity earthquakes in the Afghanistan-Pakistan region.

Readings like earthquakes and old tests
Several earthquakes of magnitude 4.0 to 4.7 occurred between April 30 and May 12, which have been compared to the 1998 Chagai-I and Chagai-II nuclear tests. However, Pakistan categorically denied any test, saying that it ‘has not been the first country to test and will not be the first’. Pakistan last conducted nuclear tests in 1998, when it responded to India’s Pokhran-II test. Since then, Pakistan has not officially conducted any nuclear test.

India did not say anything on Trump’s India visit statement
MEA spokesperson said that they do not have any information to share yet on the statements related to President Trump’s visit to India. Information will be provided as and when it becomes available.

Indian stance on Quad
Regarding Quad, MEA said that it is a valuable platform for discussion on important issues of Indo-Pacific between the four countries. He informed that recently, “Ports of the Future Conference” of Quad was organized during India Maritime Week in Mumbai.

India’s help continues on Major Vikrant Kumar Jaitley case
MEA said that India is in constant touch with UAE officials in the case related to retired Major Vikrant Kumar Jaitley and so far four consular visits have been made. India is in touch with his wife and family and is providing all possible assistance. This matter was also raised in the Delhi High Court on 3 November and the government is taking action as per the directions of the court.

Nuclear weapons are considered the most lethal weapons for humanity. These include killing large numbers of people in a matter of moments, destroying cities and creating environmental and health crises that can last for decades. Today we will know in detail the main types of these weapons, their effects, historical examples and the warnings and legal framework raised against them at the global level. Nuclear weapons are generally divided into four major types.

1. Fission (fission/atomic) bomb

This is the oldest type and in this, huge energy is released from the fission of nuclei of heavy atoms. Historically, the bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were in this category. It has the potential to cause massive destruction in small cities or large areas and leave immediate and long-term radiation effects.

2. Thermonuclear (hydrogen) bomb

It is many times more energetic than fission. It involves integrated fission-triggered and fusion processes, due to which the yield can go from kilotons to megatons. Extreme heat, huge pressure waves and long-term radioactive fallout can affect large areas. Therefore it is considered the most dangerous at the tactical and strategic level. The name of ‘Tsar Bomba’ is associated with one of the most powerful tests in history, whose yield estimation has been discussed.

3. Neutron Bomb (Radiation-Focused)

It is a special type of the thermonuclear family that aims to cause significant damage to survivors through rapid high-level neutron radiation rather than a blast, while leaving physical structures relatively intact. Its use has been considered in military strategies but is not widely supported due to humanitarian and legal concerns.

4. Dirty Bomb (Radiological Dispersal Device)

Dirty bombs are made by mixing radioactive material with conventional explosives so that radioactive pollution can be spread. This is not a conventional ‘nuclear explosion’, but can cause local-area fear, economic damage and long-term health risks. Its purpose is generally considered to be terrorism or instigating public consciousness.

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Once upon a time, the bombings by Iran and Israel had pushed the whole world under the fear of the third world war. At that time, America also took the lead and claimed that it had destroyed all the nuclear sites of Tehran. However, Iran had called this claim false. But the question still remains that how many nuclear weapons are left in the world?

According to the Yearbook 2025 of Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), by January 2025, 9 countries of the world together have 12,241 nuclear weapons. India’s name is also included in these countries. The report says that despite global tension, many countries are upgrading their nuclear programs. While on one hand there is talk of keeping distance from nuclear weapons amidst the Russia-Ukraine war and the ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, on the other hand their number is continuously increasing the concern.

serial number	country name	number of nuclear weapons	Situation
1	America (USA)	5,177	The country with the largest number of nuclear weapons continues modernization
2	Russia	5,459	World’s largest nuclear arsenal, many weapons on high alert
3	China	600	Rapidly growing nuclear program, developing new missile systems
4	France	290	Major nuclear country of Europe, NATO member
5	Britain (UK)	225	Relying on Trident missile system, limited but modern stock
6	India	180	Follows ‘No First Use’ policy, focuses on increasing missile range
7	Pakistan	170	Policy to maintain nuclear balance against India
8	Israel	90	Does not formally recognize nuclear power, but has nuclear capability
9	North Korea	50	Center of global concern due to continuous missile tests

The SIPRI report states that about 3,912 nuclear weapons are deployed on missiles and aircraft around the world. Of these, 2,100 weapons have been kept on high alert, meaning they can be used within minutes.

9 nuclear countries are working on nuclear modernization programs

Apart from this, all 9 nuclear countries are still working on their nuclear modernization programs, under which old weapons are being upgraded with new technology.

Some countries destroyed old retired nuclear weapons

According to the report, compared to last year, some countries have destroyed old retired nuclear weapons. But as many weapons are being destroyed, almost the same number of new weapons are being made. This means that the world is still not completely out of the danger of nuclear war.

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US President Donald Trump has given a big statement regarding China. He said that just as China is a threat to America, America is also a threat to China. Trump said that we see them, they see us. There is a lot of competition in the world, especially when it comes to America and China.

Trump said that instead of mutual conflict, both the countries should work together so that better results can be achieved. This statement of Trump has come at a time when American agencies are accusing China of breaking into America’s electricity and water system. The US President also expressed concern over China’s increasing nuclear weapons. He said that China is making new weapons very fast and in five years it can come close to Russia and America. Trump said that he has talked to Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping on reducing nuclear weapons (disarmament).

What did Trump say on America’s relations with China and Russia?

Trump further said that competition between the two countries will continue, but it should not turn into war or enmity. He said that with cooperation both the countries can give a better direction to the world. He also expressed concern about China’s increasing nuclear weapons. He said, “We have the largest number of nuclear weapons, Russia is second and China is currently third, but they are moving very fast. I think now all countries should work on reducing the number of nuclear weapons i.e. disarmament.”

‘We can destroy this earth 150 times’- Trump

Trump said that he has talked to both Russian President Vladimir Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping on this issue. He said that if these three countries together take steps towards controlling nuclear weapons, it will be a big message for the world.

Trump said, “Denuclearization is a huge issue. We have so many nuclear weapons that we can destroy this earth 150 times. Russia also has a large number of nuclear weapons and China will also soon have a lot of weapons. They still have a good number.”

Defending his recent nuclear testing order, Trump said, “China and Russia are also testing their nuclear weapons, you just don’t know about it.”

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After US President Donald Trump recently ordered new testing of nuclear weapons, many questions were raised at the national and international level. Now US Energy Minister Chris Wright has clarified that these tests will not involve any type of nuclear explosion, but will only be system-level testing. This statement has come at a time when there was confusion over the Trump administration after the President’s statements made on social media last week.

Chris Wright said in an interview with Fox News, “The tests we are talking about are system tests, not nuclear explosions. These are called ‘non-critical explosions’, in which there is no explosion of nuclear energy.”

He explained that the purpose of these tests is to check other components of nuclear weapons to ensure that they are providing the correct geometry and setup that are required in the event of a nuclear reaction. The Energy Minister said that these tests will be conducted on new systems to ensure that in the coming times, replacement nuclear weapons are better and safer than before.

Speculation started after Trump’s statement

This entire incident started last Thursday, when Trump wrote on his social media platform Truth Social that he has “instructed the Department of War to begin testing nuclear weapons on the same level.” After this statement, speculations started that America was going to restart nuclear testing after 33 years.

This move was seen as a warning to rival nuclear powers like China and Russia. However, Trump reiterated his statement on Friday, but did not clarify whether this would include underground nuclear tests like the Cold War era.

Chris Wright said this big thing

Wright said that America had conducted nuclear explosion tests several times in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, from which detailed data and information were collected. Now America has such advanced computational capability that it can accurately simulate any nuclear explosion situation on computers.

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There is a constant competition between China and America regarding weapons of war. Meanwhile, while on one hand America has made B-21 bomber stealth aircraft, on the other hand China has made stealth flying-wing drone to defeat its enemies, which is considered to be the next generation bomber.

A video of this large stealth ‘cranked kite’ drone, informally called GJ-X, has been circulating on Chinese social media since October 19. According to a report by The War Zone, this aircraft seen earlier this week appears to be the same aircraft that was captured in August in satellite photos taken at China’s Malan Air Base in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

B-21 Raider will become the backbone of American bomber force

The wingspan of the Malan Base aircraft was estimated at about 42 meters (138 ft), which puts it in a very rare category for stealth unmanned aircraft, according to an earlier report.

Due to this size it is comparable to America’s Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider, which is an American stealth strategic bomber, which has a wingspan of 40-42 meters. The B-21, currently under construction, will be capable of delivering both relatively conventional and nuclear payloads and will form the backbone of the future US bomber force, working alongside the B-52.

Possibility of unmanned stealth bomber

However, the purpose of the new Chinese drone is not clear yet. Some military experts say it could be a large unmanned combat air vehicle focused on kinetic operations, while other reports suggest it could be an unmanned stealth bomber.

In a video posted online last month, Chen Xi, a Chinese military observer and commentator, said the drone seen at the Malan base was a medium-range strategic bomber. Chen said, ‘The next generation H-20 bomber has not yet been released, but now we have a strategic-level medium-range bomber, which is comparable in size to the B-21.’

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A terrible picture emerges in the mind as soon as the atomic weapon hears this word. Even though this weapon has been used only once or twice in history, but its presence has become a big power to decide the direction of international politics and security. Let us understand in simple language what is the atomic bomb, how it works, and what things are needed to make it.

How is the atomic bomb formed?

The atomic bomb is a weapon that makes great destruction by releasing excessive energy from nuclear processes. There are two types of it in the scientific language, one in the process of nuclear fission (fusion) in the other. In simple terms, in these processes, the reactions inside the atom suddenly leave a lot of energy in a sudden and controlled manner, which produces a huge explosion, sharp heat and radioactivity.

Making any atomic bomb usually takes things like uranium or plutonium. Especially the fragmentation of nuclei of uranium-233 and plutonium-239 comes out heavy energy. U-233 and Pluto-239, the process of nuclear fragmentation of these Issotops is the source of bomb.

For which work atomic bombs should be used

Getting nuclear capacity for any country is not only technical, but also political and economic decisions. Many countries have adopted it due to security-worry, regional strategic balance or political reputation. On the other hand, in view of the destructive human and environmental consequences of nuclear weapons, many attempts are also being made to stop their spread globally.

Institutions like NPT i.e. non-proliferative treaty, IAEA and various bilateral-bilateral agreements work in this direction. Through these, it is an attempt to ensure that nuclear technology is only for peaceful use, such as for electricity, medicine or research work.

Effect of nuclear weapons

The effects of nuclear weapons are very broad and long-lasting, immediate explosion, fire and heat as well as long-term health and environmental disadvantages from radioactivity are major impacts. Effect on fetal development, risk of cancer, contamination of agricultural land and social destruction are some forms that do not recover the affected areas for decades. This is the reason that due to human reasons, their control and disarmament is also emphasized.

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