The long-running strategic dialogue between India and Russia now seems to be reaching a turning point. A major military development has come to light after the recent meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Russian President Vladimir Putin. According to reports, India is going to lease an advanced nuclear-powered submarine from Russia at a cost of around $2 billion. This is the same deal which was stuck for almost a decade due to price and technical conditions, but now according to inside sources the agreement has been finalized. The visit of Indian officials to the Russian shipyard in November is a clear indication that the project has received formal approval. As per the plan, delivery of the submarine is expected to take place over the next two years, although the timeline may extend further given the complexity of the project. This step can prove to be a game-changer for India’s maritime security and strategic capability. It will be worth seeing in what direction this deal will take the defense cooperation between the two countries in the coming times.

According to intelligence and defense sources of New Delhi, India has created 3 new military posts on the Bangladesh border. These posts have been made at Bamuni in Dhubri, Assam, Kishanganj in Bihar and Chopra in West Bengal. India is now increasing its closeness with Pakistan, the enemy country which had liberated Bangladesh 54 years ago. After Mohammad Yunus takes power in Bangladesh in 2024, relations with India are worsening day by day. Not only this, on November 9, after 54 years, a warship reached the coast of Bangladesh, which is Pakistan’s PNS Saif.

So let us understand in ABP Explainer how India-Bangladesh relations broke down, why Yunus is supporting Pakistan and whether something big is going to happen…

Question 1- How has India helped Bangladesh in the last 54 years?
answer- Today’s Bangladesh was once East Pakistan. Fed up with the atrocities of the Pakistani Army and the discrimination of the government there, the rebellion started. Bangladesh was formed by defeating Pakistan on 16 December 1971 with the help of Indian Army. In the last 7 decades, India was always ready to help its new neighbour. Even after suffering losses many times…

• In 1996, the two countries signed a ‘Ganga Water Sharing’ treaty for the Ganges River, which was essential for Bangladesh’s agricultural and water needs.
• In 2006, India took a unilateral decision, after which all goods from Bangladesh except cigarettes and liquor come to India at zero tariff. People of Bangladesh buy fabric from China and make clothes and send it to India. This causes problems to India’s local industry. Despite this he has got this facility.
• From 2010 to 2020, India gave a line of credit of about 8 billion dollars i.e. about 68 thousand crore rupees. Invested in 17 projects like roads, railways and ports.
• In 2015, under the Land Boundary Agreement, both the countries divided 162 small areas, which ended the border dispute. In this, India gave 10 thousand acres more land to Bangladesh.
• During Covid in 2021, India gave 33 lakh Covishield vaccines to Bangladesh free of cost and also sent medicines and equipment for hospitals.
• In 2022-23, there was trade between the two countries worth 12.2 billion dollars i.e. about Rs 1.4 lakh crore. It contains most of the daily needs items.
• From 2023, India will send 2 thousand MW electricity to Bangladesh every day. Apart from this, diesel will be supplied to Bangladesh through India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline from 2023.
• India had given a grant of Rs 120 crore to Bangladesh for 2024-25. Apart from this, India has given a total line of credit of about Rs 66 thousand crores, out of which a large amount was spent on infrastructure projects.
• Even in 2025, India retained a grant of Rs 120 crore. Apart from this, India provided funding to 77 small projects under High Impact Community Development Projects (HICDPs).

Question 2- How did the attitude of Bangladesh change after the government of Mohammad Yunus?
answer- After the rebellion in Bangladesh in August 2024, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina had to flee the country and took refuge in India. An interim government was formed in Bangladesh and Mohammad Yunus became its head. India-Bangladesh relations were very strong during the time of Sheikh Hasina, but after that the anti-India activities of Bangladesh increased…

1. Bangladesh increased its closeness to Pakistan

• Muhammad Yunus visited Pakistan in September and December 2024 and talked about strengthening relations by forgetting grudges.
• Mohammad Yunus government abolished visa security clearance for Pakistanis.
• Direct maritime connectivity between Pakistan and Bangladesh was started in November 2024.
• According to The Tribune report, the Yunus government had ordered ammunition to Pakistan, which included more than 40 thousand rounds of ammunition and 2,900 RDX of 40 tonnes.
• On October 24, 2025, Pakistan’s Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee chief Shahid Shamshad Mirza reached Bangladesh. Mohammad Yunus gifted him the book ‘Art of Triumph’ containing the map of Greater Bangladesh.
• On November 8, Pakistani Navy Chief Admiral Naved Ashraf also reached Bangladesh on a four-day official visit.
• On November 8, Pakistani warship ‘PNS Saif’ reached Chittagong port of Bangladesh via the Bay of Bengal.

2. Bangladesh increased its closeness to China

• On 26-29 March 2025, Muhammad Yunus visited China and participated in the Boao Forum for Asia. He met Chinese leaders and signed many agreements.
• China will invest more than $1 billion in Bangladesh by 2025, which includes the development of Mongla port. This port is about 200 kilometers away from Kolkata, which increased India’s concerns.
• China announced to donate 4 hospitals, robotic physiotherapy center and cardiac surgery vehicle to Bangladesh.
• China had announced funding of about Rs 3400 crore for the establishment of Industrial Economic Zone (CEIZ) and Mongla Port.
• On October 8, the Bangladesh government approved the purchase of 20 Chinese J-10CE fighter jets for $2.2 billion.
• On October 19, hundreds of people gathered near Shaheed Minar of Chittagong University in Bangladesh demanding implementation of the China-backed Teesta Master Plan. India is against this plan.

3. Bangladesh started showing eyes to India

• On 13 April 2025, the National Board of Revenue (NBR) of Bangladesh banned the import of yarn from India through Benapole, Bhomra, Banglabandha, Barimari and Sona Masjid land ports.
• Asif Nazrul, legal advisor to the interim government of Bangladesh, had said while replying to the Vijay Diwas tweet of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, ’16 December 1971 was the victory day of Bangladesh. India was just an ally, nothing more.
• Mohammad Yunus gifted the book Art of Triumph to many foreign guests. In the controversial map of ‘Greater Bangladesh’ made on this, the north-eastern areas of India have been described as part of Bangladesh.

Question 3- So now does India face a bigger threat from Bangladesh, which has built military posts?
answer- India created 3 new military posts to secure the Siliguri Corridor i.e. Chicken Neck. These are operationally ready and are the answer to the threat from China-Pak-Bangladesh alliance. Apart from this, India reactivated Kailashahar airbase in Tripura, so that the North-East can be kept an eye on.

Actually, Chicken Neck is located in the Indian state of West Bengal, which is 22 kilometers wide. Chicken Neck is very special from the security point of view of India, because it connects North-Eastern India with the western states. If this route is stopped in any way then the north-eastern states of India will be separated and the country will be divided into two parts. It is through this route that imports and exports are made to the north-eastern states of India.

Question 4- Then how can India teach a lesson to Bangladesh?
answer- According to foreign affairs expert and NEHU professor Prosenjit Biswas, India can teach a lesson to Bangladesh in 3 ways…

1. Creating economic pressure: In April 2025, India retaliated against Bangladesh and closed the trans-shipment facility, due to which Bangladesh suffered a loss of about Rs 6,500 crore annually. In May 2025, India imposed import restrictions on Bangladeshi yarn, rice and garments. In response, Bangladesh banned Indian products, but Bangladesh suffered more losses due to India’s trade surplus exceeding ($11 billion). In Budget 2025, India has planned to boost its textile industry so that Bangladesh’s garment market share can be snatched away. Similarly, India should put pressure on Bangladesh.
2. Increasing Tariff on Agricultural Products: India warned of increasing tariffs on Bangladesh’s agricultural products like jute, fish and tobacco. The increase in tariff will be a big blow to Bangladesh’s economy, because 16% of Bangladesh’s GDP comes from exports and India is the second largest export market.
3. Control over power supply: India supplies 2 MW electricity to Bangladesh, which is a major part of Bangladesh’s energy needs. India may reduce supplies or tighten payment terms. This may affect the industrial activities and life of Bangladesh.

Question 5- Will the relations between India and Bangladesh improve or worsen in future?
answer- On April 4, 2025, PM Modi and Mohammad Yunus met for the first time during the BIMSTEC Summit in Bangkok, Thailand. Modi said, ‘We want a positive relationship, but pay attention to the safety of Hindus and extremism.’ Yunus replied, ‘Send Hasina back, she is spreading falsehood.’ This meeting was limited to photos only, no agreement was reached.

Prosenjit Biswas says, ‘It is very difficult to improve relations between India and Bangladesh in 2026, because Bangladesh is coming closer to India’s enemy countries. At the same time, elections can be held in Bangladesh in April 2026. If Bangladesh Nationalist Party wins in this, relations with India will worsen. Bangladesh will stop all trade with India, blockage will start at Chicken Neck, India will completely bypass North-East and movement of goods will happen through Kaladan Port (Myanmar). Bangladesh will suffer the most because about 2 crore Bangladeshis will be unemployed and GDP will fall by 3.8%. But if Awami League comes to power then relations are expected to improve.

‘Terrorists attacked in Pahalgam. Within 20 days of this, they entered Pakistan and carried out Operation Sindoor. If Pakistan dares again, they will respond to the bullets with cannon balls. We will teach a lesson to Pakistanis with the cannon balls made in the factory in Bihar.

On November 4, Home Minister Amit Shah said these words in a meeting in Bettiah, Bihar. This is not the first time that votes were sought by targeting Pakistan or Muslims in election rallies. Terrorism flourished in Pakistan, which is true. But BJP always asks for votes with the help of this and also wins the elections. Believe it, without Muslims, Aurangzeb, Mughals or Pakistan, BJP will not get votes.

So let us understand in ABP Explainer why BJP’s soft target is Muslims-Pakistan, will the lotus not bloom without these issues and what will be its impact in Bihar elections…

Question 1- How did BJP raise the issue of Muslims, Pakistan and Mughals in the election rallies of Bihar?
answer- BJP’s focus in Bihar 2025 elections has been on security and identity, where Pakistan became a ‘symbol of terror’, Muslims ‘infiltrators’ and Mughals ‘historical enemies’.

• During the election rally in Bettiah on 4 November, Amit Shah said, ‘Rahul Gandhi had visited here a few days ago. This journey was to save the infiltrators. They may try as much as they want, but we will drive out each and every infiltrator.
• On November 3, Prime Minister Narendra Modi held an election rally in Katihar, Bihar. PM Modi said, ‘Be it Congress or RJD, they are only interested in infiltrators. These people undertake political tours to save infiltrators. Tell me whether you will decide the future of Bihar or the infiltrators will decide it. These infiltrators are occupying your property and taking over your resources. Bihar has to be saved from infiltrators. We are working to remove these infiltrators.
• On October 31, Union Minister Jitan Ram Manjhi, while addressing an election rally in Vaishali, Bihar, said, ‘PM Modi can destroy Pakistan in 5 hours, but he does not do so because the people of Pakistan were also once a part of India.’
• On October 30, PM Modi held an election rally in Muzaffarpur and Chhapra in Bihar. He said, ‘When the blasts were taking place in Pakistan, the ‘royal family’ of the party lost its sleep. Both the notables of Pakistan and Congress have not yet emerged from Operation Sindoor.
• On October 21, Amit Shah said in Siwan, ‘Rahul Gandhi is undertaking a yatra to save the infiltrators. They want infiltrators to be allowed to stay in the country. Right now the elections have thrown out the infiltrators through SIR. Once NDA forms the government, BJP will throw out each and every infiltrator.
• On October 19, in Arwal, Bihar, Union Minister Giriraj Singh described Muslims as ‘Namak Haram’ in an election rally. He said, ‘People of the Muslim community also take advantage of the schemes of the Central Government, but they do not vote for Prime Minister Narendra Modi, due to which they do not feel obliged. We don’t need such salt bastards.

Not only this, BJP also took the help of Mughals in the election rally in Bihar in 2020. In the election rally in Bhagalpur on 28 October 2020, Amit Shah had said, ‘Mughals tortured Hindus during Aurangzeb’s rule. Today RJD is running Jungle Raj, like Aurangzeb’s dictatorship. Save Hindu pride by voting for NDA.

Question 2- Why does BJP capitalize on the issues of Pakistan, Muslims and Mughals in elections?
answer- The core of BJP’s strategy is Hindutva – an ideological framework that places Hindu identity at the center of nationalism. Political scientist Vinay Sitapati in his book ‘Jugalbandi: The BJP before Modi’ He writes, ‘BJP uses these issues to unite Hindus, because Hindu population is around 80%, but caste-based division scatters them. Creating fear of national security by portraying Pakistan as a source of terror, capitalizing on minority fears by calling Muslims as infiltrators and evoking a sense of historical injustice by portraying the Mughals as foreign tyrants, all these strengthen the Hindu vote bank.

Human Rights Watch’s 2024 report ‘India: Hate speech fueled Modi’s election campaign’ It is written that BJP shared an animated video calling Muslims ‘infiltrators’ in the 2024 Lok Sabha, which received 1.6 million views. Their aim was to consolidate Hindu votes by blaming the opposition for ‘Muslim appeasement’.

Time magazine’s 2023 report ‘How India’s BJP is weaponizing history against Muslims’ Experts say that making Mughals villains is BJP’s way of promoting Hindu nationalism. Like the demolition of Babri Masjid in 1992, which was associated with the Mughal emperor Babar.

Political expert Rashid Kidwai says, ‘This strategy is more clearly visible in Bihar. In the 2020 Bihar elections, BJP gave the slogan of ’80 vs 20’ i.e. 80% Hindus vs 20% Muslims. Due to this, Yogi Adityanath collected votes in UP. BJP rewrites history to target present-day Muslims by portraying the Mughals as ‘anti-Hindu’. This is vote bank politics, which attracts Hindu votes through fear and anger.

Question 3- Is there any historical background for BJP doing politics on polarizing issues?
answer- BJP has its roots in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), formed in 1925, which is based on Hindu nationalism. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace’s 2019 report ‘The BJP in Power: Indian Democracy and Religious Nationalism’ According to , the RSS always considered Muslims ‘separate from Indianness’, because the 1947 partition was for them ‘the defeat of Hindu unity’. BJP, formed in 1980, started the Ram Mandir movement in the 1990s, in which the Ram Janmabhoomi was built by demolishing the mosque of Mughal emperor Babar.

Asia Times 2024 report ‘BJP’s anti-Muslim rhetoric has deep, dark historical roots’ According to the BJP, the BJP considers Pakistan a symbol of ‘Muslim separatism’, which is linked to the ‘two-nation theory’ of the Muslim League of the 1940s.

National Herald’s 2017 report ‘Why is the BJP targeting the Mughals’ It was said that BJP arouses Hindu pride by branding the Mughals as ‘foreign invaders’ because it is easier than talking about real issues like unemployment and poverty.

‘Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth’ According to Andre Truschke, an expert who has written the book, BJP attacks present-day Muslims by making Aurangzeb ‘anti-Hindu’. This is a ‘dog whistle’, which gives signal to hate speech. Professor Ramchandra Guha in his book ‘After Gandhi’ He writes that in the 1980-90s, BJP converted communal riots into votes, like the Babri riots of 1992.

Today it spreads on social media. In 2024, videos on BJP’s Instagram calling Muslims ‘heirs of Muslim League’ went viral. In the 2020 Bihar elections, BJP mentioned ‘Pakistani flag’ along with ‘Jungle Raj’. The Print’s 2025 report ‘Mutton, Mughal, Muslim: Modi is showing the opposition as un-Hindu’ According to , BJP consolidates Hindu votes by terming the opposition as having ‘Mughal mentality’. This is always because promises of development do not last, but fear always works.

Question 4- Does BJP completely ignore Muslims or is there a soft strategy?
answer- No. BJP does not target ‘Pasmanda’ i.e. OBC Muslims. In 2019, BJP won 3 Pasmanda out of 27 Muslim MPs. The Diplomat’s 22 November 2022 report ‘How and Why, the BJP Sometimes Courts Muslim Voters’ According to, BJP in UP woos Pasmanda in the name of ‘social justice’. But overall Indian Express report 2024 ‘Why is the BJP shy away from fielding Muslim candidates’ According to , BJP fields less Muslim candidates because the chances of winning are less.

scroll.in’s 14 December 2023 report ‘The BJP and the Muslim Voter’ According to BJP shows ‘inclusivity’ to Sufis and Pasmandas, but never leaves Hindutva.

Question 5- Does BJP benefit from this, if yes then how much?
answer- Yes. In the 2020 Bihar elections, BJP-NDA won 125 seats with 43.17% vote share, while the Grand Alliance won 110 seats with 38.75% vote share. According to Al Jazeera, polarization in Muslim areas like Seemanchal resulted in BJP getting 4/18 seats. Voting is still left in 2025, but the issue of infiltrator is spreading and working in Bihar. Giriraj Singh’s Hindu Swabhiman Yatra has increased polarization.

Rashid Kidwai says, BJP benefits from 80-20 split. But there are some limitations because it drives away tribal voters. Yet in 2019, BJP had won majority in the Lok Sabha with 31% votes and polarization had increased the votes by more than 5%. Now BJP can benefit from this in the coming elections also. But the margin of victory and defeat may remain less.

Pakistan could not tolerate Afghanistan’s Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaki coming to India. Muttaki reached India on 9 October and the same night Pakistan carried out an air strike on Afghanistan. Taliban also counterattacked and captured Pakistani posts. Saudi Arabia and Qatar tried to bring about reconciliation between the two. Now it remains to be seen what India’s stand will be.

So let us understand in ABP Explainer how two Muslim countries became enemies of each other, will there be a big war in the future and what is India’s stand…

Question 1- What is going on on the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan?
answer- The borders of both the countries are being bombed and posts are being captured…

• On the night of 9 October, Pakistan carried out airstrikes in Khost, Jalalabad and Paktika provinces including Afghanistan’s capital Kabul. The reason for this was told to Tehreek-Taliban Pakistan i.e. TTP Chief Noor Wali Mehsud.
• On October 10, TTP attacked a police training school in Pakistan. In this, 20 soldiers and 3 civilians including a Major and Lieutenant Colonel rank officer were killed.
• On the night of October 11, Taliban forces retaliated on the Pakistani border. Taliban government spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid claimed in a press conference in Kabul that more than 58 Pakistani soldiers were killed and 30 were injured in the action. Captured 25 Pakistani posts, but returned them after the fighting ended.
• The Afghan Defense Ministry said, ‘Our operation ended at midnight. If Pakistan acts again, our army is fully prepared to protect the country.

Foreign affairs expert and retired JNU professor A. Of. Pasha says that the matter may calm down after the action is completed from both sides. If attacks from both sides do not stop, war may arise.

Question 2- What are the reasons for the conflict between Pakistan and Taliban?
answer- There are 4 big reasons for the fight between Pakistan and Taliban…

1. Afghanistan and Pakistan border dispute
There is about 2,640 km long border between the two countries, which was drawn by British officer Mortimer Durand in 1893. Afghanistan does not recognize this border. This line was drawn from the areas of Pashtun and Baloch communities, due to which the people of these communities were divided into two countries.

2. Accusations of Taliban giving shelter to TTP
TTP is considered the biggest terrorist threat of Pakistan. From 2007 till now TTP has killed more than 14 thousand Pakistanis. This group also targeted universities, religious leaders and common people. Since the Taliban came to power in Afghanistan in 2021, TTP has been waging a ‘guerrilla war’ against Pakistani security forces.

3. Afghan refugees evacuated from Pakistan
Afghan refugees have been a big problem for Pakistan since the time of Soviet Russia’s attack on Afghanistan. By the 1990s, 3 million refugees reached Pakistan. After this, even during the American attacks, Afghan refugees camped in Pakistan. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there are currently about 1.5 million Afghan refugees in Pakistan. Pakistan started a plan to deport Afghans living illegally in 2023. He calls this necessary to avoid infiltration of terrorism.

4. Anxiety about Muttaki coming to India
When Muttaki reached India on 9 October, on the same day Pakistan Defense Minister Khawaja Asif described Afghanistan as the biggest enemy. He said, ‘Now the patience of the army and the government is wearing thin. Terrorism against Pakistan from the soil of Afghanistan will not be tolerated. Indian Foreign Minister S. Pakistan was also stunned by the joint statement issued after the meeting of Jaishankar and Muttaki. Taliban had condemned the Pahalgam attack in Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 3- What will happen if the war between Pakistan and Taliban increases?
answer- Pakistan is stronger on military and diplomatic front…

• Pakistan: According to Global Fire Power, there are 6.54 lakh active soldiers, 17 thousand armored vehicles, more than 2,600 tanks, 328 fighter aircraft. There are also advanced ballistic and nuclear missiles.
• Taliban: There are 1.5 lakh fighters, about 500 tanks, about 100 helicopters and jets.

Kabir Taneja, ORF’s deputy director and research fellow on Middle East affairs, says, ‘If there is a war between Pakistan and Afghanistan, the Taliban may not win, but its thinking is still like that of a militant organization. He will increase problems for Pakistan by attacking in guerilla manner. At the same time, TTP gets support from both Taliban and Pakistan. However, this support is hidden. In such a situation, if tension increases, Pakistan will have to compete with TTP also.

Question 4- In such a situation, what will be India’s stand and how will it help Taliban?
answer- Kabir Taneja says, ‘India will benefit from increasing tension between Pakistan and Taliban because relations between India and Afghanistan will improve. However, there is also a challenge for India that the conflict between Taliban and Pakistan will destabilize the security of the entire region. But India will not openly support Taliban. As long as it makes sense for India, it will support Taliban. After that India’s interest will end.

Question 5- What did Saudi Arabia say on the Pakistan-Afghanistan conflict?
answer- Saudi Arabia expressed concern over the tension between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Giving a statement, Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Ministry said, ‘Saudi Arabia is monitoring with concern the increasing tension and clashes in the border areas between Pakistan and Afghanistan.’

Kabir Taneja says, ‘Saudi Arabia and Qatar will try their best to resolve this matter. Now this matter will be entrusted to the Ulemas. On which both the countries will have to agree. Recently, a defense agreement has been signed between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, under which if any third country attacks any one country, it will be considered an attack on both the countries. For this reason, Saudi would not want to get caught in any kind of war.

At the same time, Qatar also expressed concern about the clashes in Pakistan and Afghanistan and the security of the area. Qatar’s Foreign Ministry has appealed to both sides to adopt dialogue and diplomatic path to reduce tension.

From India’s first woman Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, all the big leaders contested elections from two seats simultaneously. There are many reasons for this, including the fear of losing the elections and the dominance of the party. Not only this, there is also a law regarding this in the Constitution. Now the news of Tejashwi Yadav contesting on two seats in Bihar Assembly elections is also strong.

So let us understand in ABP Explainer why big leaders contest elections together on two seats, what is the strategy of elections on two seats and what are its advantages and disadvantages…

Question 1- What is the law for contesting elections on multiple seats simultaneously in India?
answer- Under Section 33(7) of the Representation of the People Act 1951, a candidate can contest from two seats simultaneously in a Lok Sabha or Assembly election. If he wins both the seats, he has to vacate one seat in 14 days. If any candidate does not do this then both the seats are considered vacant under Section 70. In by-elections the party has to field candidates again, which is sometimes risky.

Election Commission of India i.e. ECI told the Supreme Court in 2018 that this rule should be changed to limit it to one seat, so that wastage of resources and voter disappointment is reduced.

Question 2- When did the practice of contesting elections from two seats simultaneously start and which leaders have done this?
answer- This practice started with the first Lok Sabha elections of India in 1951-52. Jawaharlal Nehru presented the first example of this.

• In 1952, Vishnu Ghanshyam Deshpande had won by contesting elections simultaneously from Guna and Gwalior in Central India. He was the General Secretary of All India Hindu Mahasabha. Deshpande was the first leader who won by contesting elections on two seats simultaneously. He kept Guna seat with himself and left Gwalior seat.
• In 1971, Indira Gandhi also contested elections from two seats simultaneously – Rae Bareli (Uttar Pradesh) and Medak (Andhra Pradesh) and won both the seats. Indira Gandhi kept Medak for herself and by-election was held in Rae Bareli, in which Arun Nehru won.
• In 1996, Atal Bihari Vajpayee also contested elections from two seats. He won from both Gwalior and Bhopal seats of Madhya Pradesh. He left Bhopal seat by keeping Gwalior. By-elections were held in Bhopal, in which BJP lost.
• In 2004, Sonia Gandhi contested the Lok Sabha elections from Amethi (Uttar Pradesh) and Bellary (Karnataka) and won both the seats. She retained Amethi and by-elections were held in Bellary, in which Congress lost.
• In 2014, Narendra Modi also gambled on two seats. He won the seats of Vadodara in Gujarat and Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh. PM Modi kept the Varanasi seat and by-elections were held in Vadodara, in which BJP’s Ranjanben Dhananjay won.

• In the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, Rahul Gandhi also contested from two seats – Amethi (Uttar Pradesh) and Wayanad (Kerala). He won from Wayanad and lost from Amethi.
• Akhilesh Yadav also contested from two seats (Kannauj and Mainpuri) in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections. They won both the seats. He kept Mainpuri seat and left Kannauj seat. A by-election was held on this, where wife Dimple Yadav won.

Now Tejashwi Yadav can also contest from two seats in Bihar Assembly elections. One could be Raghopur and the other Phulparas.

Question 3- Why do big leaders contest elections on more than one seat in Indian politics?
answer- According to senior journalist and political expert Harshvardhan Tripathi, there are two big reasons for this…

1. Strengthening your and your party’s image: By contesting elections on two seats, leaders strengthen their own and the party’s image. This increases their popularity and influence of the party, strengthens the vote bank and regional base. Like in 2014, PM Modi gave a boost to BJP in Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh by fighting from Vadodara and Varanasi.
2. Fear of losing elections: Leaders fear that if they lose on one seat, they can secure a place in Parliament or Assembly by winning from another seat. This way they are not thrown out of the House. For a politician, it is a real fight to remain in the House. Like in 2019, Rahul Gandhi lost Amethi, but won from Wayanad.

Question 4- What are the benefits of contesting elections on more than one seat?
answer- According to Harshvardhan Tripathi, it has 3 major benefits…

• Worker Mobilization: If a big leader contests elections on more than one seat, then the workers of that area get mobilized, that is, their enthusiasm increases and they become fully active in the elections. This also improves the image of the leader, because he reaches that area with his entire army.
• Improving electoral environment: Contesting elections on two seats improves the electoral environment, that is, the environment becomes in favor of that leader. This also shows the strength of the leader that he campaigns on two seats simultaneously and tries his best to win. This creates its positive effect.
• Advantages of political party: This also benefits the party, because his name and popularity attracts votes in many areas, which gives support to other candidates of the party. With a big leader contesting elections, the party’s publicity increases in that area and the electoral environment becomes favorable for it. For example, in 2004, Sonia Gandhi helped Congress increase its campaign in Karnataka by contesting elections from Bellary.

Question 5- Are there any disadvantages of contesting elections on more than one seat?
answer- According to political expert Rashid Kidwai, there are 3 major disadvantages of this practice…

• By-election expenses: By-election is held when one seat is left, the expenditure of which runs into crores. According to ECI, more than Rs 50 crore was spent on such by-elections from 2004 to 2018.
• Broken trust of voters: When a leader leaves a seat, the voters of that area are disappointed. Like in 2004, Bellary voters made Sonia Gandhi victorious, but BJP won the by-election after she left the seat.
• Weapon of opposition: Opposition parties promote it by calling it ‘greed’ or ‘cheating’. Like in 2019, BJP had raised questions on Rahul Gandhi’s Wayanad-Amethi. BJP had said about Rahul Gandhi that he is betraying the public by contesting elections from two seats.

Question 6- Will this practice end in the coming time?
answer- Rashid Kidwai says, ‘The law of contesting elections from two seats simultaneously is in the Constitution, due to which the Constitution will have to be amended to change it. This will happen after the consensus of the parties and everyone’s consent. There is no problem or flaw in contesting elections from two seats simultaneously. This system is not going to harm anyone. However, the money spent in this is definitely a problem. But black money is useful for the parties.

At the same time, Harshvardhan Tripathi believes, ‘This practice should end. This practice is a waste of time and money. If a leader wins both the seats and leaves one seat, then it becomes the responsibility of the Election Commission to conduct elections on it. This upsets the public and also breaks their trust.

On the night of 29 September, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu met US President Donald Trump at the White House. The two leaders held a press conference and announced to implement the seajafire in Gaza. That is, now there will be a ceasefire in Gaza. For this, Trump has prepared a plan of 20 points.

So let’s understand in ABP Expluser what is Trump’s new plan, how will it take over ceasefire and Gaza …

Question 1- What is Donald Trump’s new ceasefire plan in Gaza?
answer- Trump’s new plan includes stopping war, leaving all hostages and creating a temporary board to run administration in Gaza. In this…

1. The war in Gaza will end immediately when agreed between Israel and Hamas.
2. Israel will gradually remove its forces from Gaza.
3. Hamas will release all Israeli hostages in 72 hours, which will be both alive and dead.
4. At the end of the war, Israel will leave 250 people serving life imprisonment in Gaza and other 1700 prisoners.
5. Israel will return the bodies of 15 dead Palestinian prisoners instead of every dead Israeli prisoner.
6. All the hideouts and weapons of Hamas will be removed to make Gaza terror free.
7. Hamas and other fighters will not participate in the government of Gaza.
8. A temporary technical committee i.e. ‘Board of Peace’ will be formed for Gaza, which will have qualified people.
9. Trump himself will preside over this board. It will also include former British Prime Minister Tony Blair and other leaders of other countries.
10. This board will plan to develop and improve Gaza Gaza and bear the expenses.
11. Gaza will be given adequate help immediately.
12. Special business sectors will be built in Gaza, which will increase employment.
13. A Gaza resident will not be forced to leave Gaza.
14. An international security force will maintain security in Gaza.
15. Security forces will train Gaza police and help.
16. Security on the borders of Israel and Egypt will be strong.
17. Aeries and firing will be stopped by the end of the war.
18. International organizations will monitor help and security in Gaza.
19. Negotiations for peace between Israel and Palestine will begin.
20. The purpose of this scheme is to bring permanent peace, development and better life in Gaza.

Question 2- When will this plan be implemented and then who will be occupied?
answer- After the agreement of Israel and Hamas, this plan will be implemented immediately. But at the moment there is no fixed date. It will depend on the agreement when the war will stop. As soon as the war stops, the Israel Defense Forces i.e. IDF will back down on a fixed line and military operations will be suspended.

A non-political Palestinian Committee of Trump’s plan will temporarily rule Gaza. It will be maintained by the ‘Board of Peace’, which will be led by Trump himself. It has been clearly stated in this scheme that there will be no land in any form of Hamas in the government, ‘neither direct nor indirectly.’

It has also been said in this plan that Israel will neither take Gaza nor mix it in its country. The Israeli army step by step will retreat. In this scheme, the door has also been left open for the possibility of a Palestinian nation.

Question 3- What did Islamic countries and India say on Trump’s proposal?
answer- This peace proposal was welcomed by Foreign Ministers of Qatar, Jordan, UAE, Indonesia, Pakistan, Türkiye, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. He appreciated Trump’s leadership ability and his efforts to end the Gaza war.

Trump told in the press conference that during the formation of this plan, PM Shahbaz Sharif and Army Chief Asim Munir were in touch with him.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi also welcomed Trump’s ceasefire plan. Posting on the social media platform X, Modi wrote, ‘This plan will open the way of peace, security and development for the Palestinian and Israeli people as well as the entire West Asian areas.’

Question 4- Will Trump’s new plan be successful or not?
answer- Foreign Affairs expert and retired professor of JNU A.K. Of. Pasha says, ‘This time there is no destruction of Gaza in Trump’s plan, but a plan to settle Gaza. In this, many countries will come together and be part of the board. But it will not include any Hamas leader nor will there be United Nations in it, which can reduce the trust of Palestinians on this board.

A. Of. Pasha further says, ‘Trump’s plan is hurt that Netanyahu never sticks to his point. They break ceasefire anytime and start attacks. Capturing Gaza is part of Netanyahu’s Greater Israel. Netanyahu’s minister says the attack, so he also attacked. Therefore, Trump may weaken. However, Trump’s plan may be successful because now there is a lot of devastation in Gaza.

Question 5- What is the current situation in Gaza, what is happening there?
answer- Before the war between Israel and Hamas started, 21 lakh Palestinians lived in Gaza. About 80% of these people have been displaced.
According to the British Red Cross, more than 61 thousand people have been killed in Gaza since the war started in Israel and Hamas in October 2023 and at least 1 lakh 51 thousand people have been injured.

More than 4.7 lakh people are facing starvation in Gaza, which is 22% of the total population. According to the United Nations, so far 1300 people have been killed during the search for food or other reasons.

Almost all kinds of infrastructure in Gaza city and other population areas is over. Most of the hospitals were destroyed.

At the same time, the organization of Hamas, who is in power in Gaza, has become very weak. In the Israeli attack, about 10 top Hamas Ladars like Ismail Haniah, Yahya Sinwar, Mohammad Diaf have been killed one after the other. Israel has killed about 20 thousand fighters of Hamas.

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