When we look towards the sky, it seems that it extends till infinity. But have you ever wondered where the sky ends and where the space begins? As simple as this question seems, its answer is equally scientific and interesting. Actually, there is no visible solid boundary of space, but scientists have set a standard line for it which is called Kármán line.

What is considered the beginning of space?

This Kármán line is considered the official beginning of space. It is located at an altitude of about 100 kilometers (62 miles) from the earth’s surface. Above this point the air becomes so thin that planes cannot fly with the help of their wings. That is, above here the influence of the atmosphere almost ends and the real space is considered to be the beginning.

After whom is the space line named (Karman Line)

It is named after the famous Hungarian engineer and scientist Theodore von Kármán. He had calculated in the 1950s that at an altitude of about 100 kilometers, aerodynamic flight is not possible, because the air there is very light. Since then, this line was accepted by the scientific community around the world as the beginning of space.

Who does America consider an astronaut?

However, not every group considers it the same. According to the US Air Force, a person who reaches an altitude of 80 kilometers (50 miles) above the earth can be considered an astronaut. Whereas NASA and other international agencies consider the Kármán line of 100 kilometers as the real border. An interesting thing here is that reaching space does not just mean height. After reaching there, the effect of gravity becomes very less, there is no wind, and the temperature can suddenly increase or decrease drastically.

zero gravity

After this height, objects start floating in an environment of microgravity, which we generally call zero gravity. Rockets and satellites going above this line follow completely different rules. Satellites orbiting the Earth start from this height and travel thousands of kilometers away. This area is considered very important for science, weather forecasting, navigation and space research.

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ISRO Recruitment 2025: For those who want to make a career in space and science, what could be better than getting a job in ISRO. In such a situation, Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has brought a great opportunity for these candidates. ISRO has announced recruitment for many posts including Scientist, Engineer and Technical Assistant.

Interested candidates can visit ISRO’s official website isro.gov.in to apply for it. Application forms have been released and the last date to fill them is November 14, 2025. In such a situation, let us know what is the eligibility criteria of this job and how to apply for it.

How many posts are vacant?

Satish Dhawan Space Center (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota, under ISRO, has issued recruitment notification for 151 seats. In this, candidates will be selected for technical and helper posts. In this, vacancies have been announced for many posts including Scientist, Engineer, Library Assistant, Technician, Cook, Fireman, Radiographer and Nurse. For this, all the candidates with education qualification of 10th pass, Nursing and Engineering Diploma holder, B.Tech, BSc, SSLC, BE, ITI can apply.

Eligibility and Selection Process

Before applying for these vacancies in ISRO, it is very important to know its eligibility criteria. The minimum age limit to apply for this is 18 years and the maximum age limit is 35 years. Apart from this, age relaxation of 5 years has been given for reserved category (SC/ST) and 3 years for OBC category. In this, candidates will have to clear a written exam and skill test. Then there will be document verification and medical examination of the candidates. After this, joining of the final selected candidates will be done. In this, basic pay will be given as per the post, in which monthly salary ranging from Rs 19,900 to Rs 1,77,500 will be given.

Online Application Process

1. First of all, candidates have to go to the official website of ISRO, isro.gov.in.
2. Now go to the homepage and click on the link ISRO Recruitment 2025 Apply Online.
3. Then after registering here, your registration number and password will come on the candidate mobile number.
4. After this, you have to fill the online application form and upload the necessary documents in it.
5. Finally, after paying the fees, a copy of the application form has to be downloaded.

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The recent defense agreement between Saudi Arabia and Pakistan has not only changed power balance in South Asia but has also increased the movement from Middle East to Asia. In view of this, India is preparing to make a big deal with its special friend United Arab Emirates (UAE). Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal held a meeting with the UAE Foreign Minister on Thursday.

Actually, UAE is not only an important country in the Middle East but it is also included in the Abraham agreement with Israel. Recently, the United Arab Emirates did not send any big leader from his here in the meeting regarding the Israeli attack against Qatar in Doha.

Agreement reached after Israeli attack on Qatar

Pakistan Prime Minister Shahbaz Sharif and Army Chief Asim Munir together signed a deal with Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman on Thursday, according to which if anyone attacks one of the two countries, he will be considered an attack on another country as well. Please tell that Saudi has entered into this agreement after an Israeli attack on Qatar.

Where will Saudi invest in Pakistan?

Saudi Arabia has got nuclear shield by making a defense agreement with Pakistan. In return, he will invest a big in Pakistan. Saudi Arabia is preparing to invest in Pakistan’s railway, health and energy sector. The enmity of Pakistan and India is old. Pakistan has attacked India many times so far and India has also responded to the retaliation by taking retaliation, although in such a situation, Saudi Arabia has been neutral.

Relationships between India and United Arab Emirates

Negotiations are being held between India and the United Arab Emirates regarding investment in space and marine areas. Both are already working together in the field of energy and technology. Investing in space and maritime sector will make the relationship of both even stronger. The UAE is in a very strong position in space and maritime sector and is the first country in the middle East, with more than 100 projects going on with space. Please tell that the United Arab Emirates is also working on Mars Mission.

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Life on mars: For many decades, scientists have been doing research on Mars about the possibility of life. The previous missions made by scientists have indicated that water used to flow on the surface of this planet. This gives signs of a right environment for life here. Now a discovery in the Jazero Crater area of ​​Mars has again raised the question whether there was life on Mars billions of years ago or not.

Signs of life in bright angel formation

Some chemical evidence has been found about the possible life in the Bright Angel Formation area of ​​Jejro Crater. The special thing about this place is that there are light colored rocks here. There are very small particles like soil. There is an indication that these rocks were formed in the atmosphere of rivers and lakes billions of years ago. When drilled on these rocks, the fine grain mudstone was detected from here. It revealed such minerals and textures that are associated with microorganisms on Earth.

NASA’s personality Rover started collecting information about these rocks and found iron oxide, phosphorus, sulfur and most important organic carbon in it. Let us tell you that organic carbon is very important for life, but it can also be formed by the effect of meteor bodies.

The secret of organic carbon

Along with this, personality has also traced Zee Bond. Actually it indicates the presence of organic carbon. This was the highest in place named Apollo Temple. Let me tell you that Vivianite and granite were also very high here. However, the presence of organic carbon is interesting but it does not give full indication of life. Actually, it simply means that carbon-carbon bonds are present.

What is the possibility of life?

This discovery has led to two important possibilities. Firstly, these minerals and structures must have been made completely through the geological process and the second is that microorganisms would have contributed to making them. The sulfur which has been found in the rocks is made at higher temperatures, but there is no evidence of such a situation in the parts of Mars where it was found. This raises the question whether microorganisms would have been present in the lakes of Mars billions of years ago? Researchers believe that there were similar chemical processes on Mars and Earth, but Mars still has signs. Scientists say that if the evidence found is connected with life, then this discovery will be the biggest discovery in human history.

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Here there is a dispute about tariff from America, on the other hand, India has signed many important deals with Singapore. Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Singapore Prime Minister Lawrence Wong met in New Delhi on Thursday (September 4, 2025). During this time 5 important deals were signed between the two countries. From green shipping to space, India and Singapore will jointly give new pace to the politics and economy of the Asia-Pacific region.

PM Modi said in a conversation with the media with Wong, ‘Singapore is an important pillar of our Act East Policy. This is not only an economic partnership but a deep friendship resting on shared values ​​and belief. Wong also reiterated that India-Singapore partnership matters more than before in a world full of uncertainties.

The two leaders together inaugurated the second phase of the Bharat Mumbai Container Terminal in Mumbai’s Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust. In this, PSA International of Singapore has invested more than one billion dollars.

• These 5 big deals are future roadmaps
  Digital Asset Innovation- Agreement between RBI and Singapore’s Monetary Authority. Cross-border payments and digital channels will be strong.
  Aviation Training and Research- Airport Authority of India (AAI) and Singapore’s Civil Aviation Authority together will increase the capacity in the aviation sector.
  Green and Digital Shipping Corridor- In the shipping area, the two countries will form a structure for zero-era fuels and smart port technology.
  Skilling in Manufacturing- National Center of Excellence for Skilling will be made at Chennai.
  Space Collabing- There will be increasing cooperation between Singapore and India in the space industry. So far, India has launched about 20 satellites in Singapore.

How important Singapore for India
Singapore is India’s largest FDI investor for 7 years, the total investment between the two countries is around $ 170 billion. The trade between the two countries was $ 6.7 billion in 2004-05, which increased to $ 35 billion in 2024-25. Singapore is a bridge connecting India with ASEAN countries. India and Singapore have decided that soon CECA (Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement) and Aitiga (ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement) will be reviewed.

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When Russia attacked Ukraine’s communication system in 2022, Ukraine’s army resorted to a commercial satellite system. Through this system, he got the Internet, in which more than 7,000 satellites were working. This helped to maintain communication during the war, run drones and monitor the movement of the Russian army with real-time imagery.

Commercial space technology brought a big change

The use of commercial space technology in war proved to be a major change. It was clear that countries which have low space infrastructure low, can also take advantage of space -based technology during war. According to a report by Defense.com, General Stephen Whiteing of the US Space Command said about this, “Now space is becoming increasingly commercial and new types of challenges are coming from countries like China and Russia.

Who is the biggest threat to America?

General Whiteing said, “American commercial space industry has become the biggest strength of innovation in the last 10 to 15 years.” He referred to re-ugable rockets and large satellite capacity. He said that these technological progresses strengthen services and military operations around the world, but new challenges have also come up with it. According to him, rival countries have such cyber tools, jamers, laser, direct assent anti-satellite weapons and co-arbital systems that can damage the US space capabilities.

Whiteing reacted strongly to recent reports that Russia is trying to develop nuclear weapons in space. He described it as extremely irresponsible and said that such a step can severely disrupt the satellite network, which is very important for both common people’s lives and military preparations.

General Whiteing said, “We cannot protect our country without space capabilities.” He informed that from the 1991 Gulf War (Gulf War), the opposing countries are studying the dependence of America on the space.

Russia-China test increased concern

Giving an example, he said that in 2021, Russia conducted an anti-satellite test, making more than 1,500 fragments of debris, while China tested the Fractional Orbital Bombardment system. This shows that the scope of danger is constantly changing. He warned that today’s daily needs such as financial transactions, emergency services and navigation apps are dependent on GPS, which can be interrupted in the space conflict.

Why Space Force and Spacecom

He said that in 2019, Space Force and Spacecom were established keeping this risk in mind. Space force is the job of recruitment, training and equipment of personnel, while the spacecom carries the operation. Whiteing said, “We plan with the goal every day to prevent war.” For this purpose, Spacecom shows strength with allies like Canada, Britain and Australia. Recently, the introduction of Golden Dome missile Defense Initiative is also an indication of how important the role of space is in national security.

He further said that with the help of commercial innovation, now such space-based sensors and interceptors are being prepared which can track hypersonic and orbital hazards. Ukraine’s usage of commercial space system counted three important lessons.

Three lessons from Ukraine

1. Small countries can also get advanced space capabilities now.

2. Cyber ​​attacks on satellites are a big risk.

3. Space tools like GPS, Communication and Intelligence are very important for success in the battlefield.

Based on these lessons, Spacecom is making its strategies today, especially to counter China’s surveillance. Finally, Whiteing said, “We do not want war in space, but if this happens, we have to be ready to win.”

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Defense Minister Rajnath Singh attended the honor ceremony of skyways in Delhi. During this, he said that I am really proud to welcome and greet Bharat Mata’s son, Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla and his other colleagues, Group Captain PV Nair, Group Captain Ajit Krishnan and Group Captain Angad Pratap. The countrymen are proud of all of you, because you have made the countrymen proud.

Rajnath Singh said that today when we look at India’s space journey, we find that our contribution is not limited to sending satellites in space. Today India has made its presence felt from the moon to Mars. Today, India is also fully prepared for missions like Gaganyaan. I see it not just as a technical achievement, but as a new chapter of self -sufficient India, where we stand with full pride among the major space powers of the world.

‘Shubhanshu Shukla is also our voter’

Addressing the program, the Defense Minister said that India’s space program is not limited to laboratories and launch vehicles only. It is a symbol of our national aspirations and global vision. India not only sees space as the field of research, but we see it as the future of tomorrow’s economy, security, energy and humanity. In the coming time, space mining, intensive space exploration and planetary resources will also change the direction of human civilization. I come from Lucknow parliamentary constituency, Shubhanshu Shukla is from there and he is also our voter.

‘Today after forty years, Sapna became real’
Rajnath Singh said that forty years ago, when Rakesh Sharma went to space representing India, Shubhanshu Shukla was born shortly after that and a dream was born with his birth. One day I will also look at this earth from the sky and today after forty years, not only the childhood dream of Shubhanshu came true, but India once again waved its glory in space.

‘Shubhanshu Shukla is a devotee of Bajrang Bali Ji’

He further said that I was also told that Shubhanshu Shukla is a devotee of Bajrang Bali ji and you must have recited Hanuman Chalisa several times (in space). Today, a devotee of Hanuman ji has returned by touching the heights of the sky and is present among all of us. I believe, this is not just a victory of science but it is an echo of faith.

Rajnath Singh said that I was told that Shubhanshu had also cultivated in space. India has been an agricultural country, but I never thought that a farmer of India would go to space and cultivate fenugreek and moong. Certainly your experience will be very helpful in our upcoming campaigns. Today we have entered an era where space is no longer a symbol of military power or technical skills. It is a new milestone in the collective journey of human civilization.

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